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Genetics Flashcards

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1
Q

Inheritance

A

The process by which an offspring receives genes from its parents

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2
Q

Genes

A

Genes are located on chromosomes

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3
Q

why are traits described by a pair of genes?

A

You get one gene from each parent, so you have two, or a pair.

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4
Q

What determines the traits that offspring will have?

A

Traits depend on how inherited genes combine.

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5
Q

If an offspring inherits one dominant allele and one recessive allele from its parents, which trait will show?

A

The offspring will show the dominant trait, and hide the recessive one

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6
Q
  1. If an offspring inherits two recessive alleles from its parents, which trait will show?
    Example: Two blue eye alleles were inherited; blue is recessive. (p.144)
A

The offspring will have blue eyes, because there are no dominant alleles present.

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7
Q

What are four examples of alternate forms of inheritance?

A
  1. Incomplete Dominance
  2. Codominance
  3. Multiple Alleles
  4. Polygenic Inheritance
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8
Q

Which type of dominance creates a blending of traits?

A

Incomplete

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9
Q

What is roan coat color? (p.145)

A

A color pattern that appears when some white hairs and some brown or black hairs mixed in.

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10
Q

Why does codominance create a roan coat color? (p.145)

A

Both alleles are dominant, neither allele (trait) is hidden.

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11
Q

Why are there four different blood types in humans? (p.146)

A

nherited by multiple alleles (3 alleles instead of just 2 for the same gene) and Codominance for A,B alleles

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12
Q

Why is there a large variation in heights in humans?

A

Polygenic Inheritance (multiple genes for human height exist and control this trait)

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13
Q

What type of trait is “the ability to learn language”?

A

Inherited Trait

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14
Q

What type of trait is being a “Spanish-speaker”?

A

Acquired trait, because you learn how to speak Spanish.

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15
Q

If UV light damages genes in your skin cells, will these changes in the genes be passed onto your offspring? Why or why not?

A

No, because that is an acquired trait, and it will not impact offspring. Acquired traits do not change genes.

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16
Q

Genetics

A

A field of biology which studies and describes patterns of inheritance and
variations in inherited traits.

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17
Q

What are acquired traits?

A

Acquired traits are not inherited from parents, acquired through something that happened.

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18
Q

What are the patterns of inheritance?

A

Complete Dominance
Incomplete Dominance
Codominance
Multiple Alleles
Polygenic Inheritance

19
Q

Complete Dominance

A

dominant and recessive alleles, dominant alleles takes over

20
Q

Incomplete Dominance

A

blended trait for hybrid pair of alleles

21
Q

Codominance

A

Co = together, both traits show up

22
Q

Multiple Alleles

A

More than two alleles for one gene (blood types)

23
Q

Trait

A

are physical characteristics or behaviors coded for by genes.

24
Q

Polygenic Inheritance

A

More than one gene impacts a trait

25
Q

Genotype

A

pair of alleles Example: BB, bb, or Bb

26
Q

Phenotype

A

trait
Example: brown or blue eyes

27
Q

Dominant Allele

A

can hide a recessive allele in a hybrid pair
Example: Bb (B hides b, brown eyes present)

28
Q

Recessive

A

hidden allele unless two are present
Example: bb (recessive trait of blue eyes present)

29
Q

What type of inheritances does blood have?

A

Complete Dominance
Codominance
Multiple Alleles (3 alleles for blood)

30
Q

Two genes determine the phenotype.
A “dilution gene” lightens the “coat-color gene” in horses.
What kind of inheritance?

A

Polygenic Inheritance

31
Q

Group A

A

has only the A antigen on red cells (and B antibody in the plasma)

32
Q

What determines the blood type?

A

There are four major blood groups determined by the presence or absence of two antigens (proteins)
(A and B) on the surface of red blood cells

33
Q

Group B

A

has only the B antigen on red cells (and A antibody in the plasma)

34
Q

Group AB

A

has both A and B antigens on red cells (but neither A nor B antibody in the plasma)
(universal receiver)

35
Q

Group O

A

has neither A nor B antigens on red cells (but both A and B antibody are in the plasma)
(universal donor)

36
Q

Why is it important for someone to get the right blood?

A

Since foreign antigens can trigger a patient’s immune system to attack the transfused blood with antibodies, safe blood transfusions depend on careful blood typing and cross-matching.

37
Q

inheritance by multiple alleles in blood

A

There are 3 alleles of the gene that controls blood type: IA, IB, i
The I (or i) stands for immunoglobulin, or the type of white blood cell that would be triggered to attack.

38
Q

inheritance by codominance in blood

A

IAand IBare Co-Dominant genes, meaning when inherited together, they are both fully expressed, not blended, as in Incomplete Dominance.

39
Q

inheritance by complete dominance in blood

A

“ i ” is the recessive form of the allele. “ i ” is hidden by both IAand IB, because both alleles are dominant.

40
Q

homozygous genotype

A

two of the same allele

41
Q

heterozygous

A

two different alleles

42
Q

Agglutination

A

the process of cells clumping together because the immune system’s antibodies have attached to the antigens (protein markers) on the cells. Agglutination will occur if a person receives a blood transfusion with a blood type different from their own. This is bad!

43
Q

rh factor

A

An additional complication in blood typing is that there is a third major antigen called the Rh factor. If you have the Rh antigen as well, we say you are Rh +. No Rh antigen, you are Rh - . Each of the four A, B, AB, O blood types can come with or without the Rh factor. We will not deal with the Rh factor in the following genetics problems.

44
Q

punnett square

A

The Punnett Square is a tool used in genetics studies to determine the possible genotypes and phenotypes for a combination of parental alleles. The probability (percentage) of each genotype and phenotype can also be determined using the Punnett Square.

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