Genetics

Question 1

Inheritance

Answer 1

The process by which an offspring receives genes from its parents

Question 2

Genes

Answer 2

Genes are located on chromosomes

Question 3

why are traits described by a pair of genes?

Answer 3

You get one gene from each parent, so you have two, or a pair.

Question 4

What determines the traits that offspring will have?

Answer 4

Traits depend on how inherited genes combine.

Question 5

If an offspring inherits one dominant allele and one recessive allele from its parents, which trait will show?

Answer 5

The offspring will show the dominant trait, and hide the recessive one

Question 6

6. If an offspring inherits two recessive alleles from its parents, which trait will show?
   Example: Two blue eye alleles were inherited; blue is recessive. (p.144)

Answer 6

The offspring will have blue eyes, because there are no dominant alleles present.

Question 7

What are four examples of alternate forms of inheritance?

Answer 7

1. Incomplete Dominance
2. Codominance
3. Multiple Alleles
4. Polygenic Inheritance

Question 8

Which type of dominance creates a blending of traits?

Answer 8

Incomplete

Question 9

What is roan coat color? (p.145)

Answer 9

A color pattern that appears when some white hairs and some brown or black hairs mixed in.

Question 10

Why does codominance create a roan coat color? (p.145)

Answer 10

Both alleles are dominant, neither allele (trait) is hidden.

Question 11

Why are there four different blood types in humans? (p.146)

Answer 11

nherited by multiple alleles (3 alleles instead of just 2 for the same gene) and Codominance for A,B alleles

Question 12

Why is there a large variation in heights in humans?

Answer 12

Polygenic Inheritance (multiple genes for human height exist and control this trait)

Question 13

What type of trait is “the ability to learn language”?

Answer 13

Inherited Trait

Question 14

What type of trait is being a “Spanish-speaker”?

Answer 14

Acquired trait, because you learn how to speak Spanish.

Question 15

If UV light damages genes in your skin cells, will these changes in the genes be passed onto your offspring? Why or why not?

Answer 15

No, because that is an acquired trait, and it will not impact offspring. Acquired traits do not change genes.

Question 16

Genetics

Answer 16

A field of biology which studies and describes patterns of inheritance and
variations in inherited traits.

Question 17

What are acquired traits?

Answer 17

Acquired traits are not inherited from parents, acquired through something that happened.

Question 18

What are the patterns of inheritance?

Answer 18

Complete Dominance
Incomplete Dominance
Codominance
Multiple Alleles
Polygenic Inheritance

Question 19

Complete Dominance

Answer 19

dominant and recessive alleles, dominant alleles takes over

Question 20

Incomplete Dominance

Answer 20

blended trait for hybrid pair of alleles

Question 21

Codominance

Answer 21

Co = together, both traits show up

Question 22

Multiple Alleles

Answer 22

More than two alleles for one gene (blood types)

Question 23

Trait

Answer 23

are physical characteristics or behaviors coded for by genes.

Question 24

Polygenic Inheritance

Answer 24

More than one gene impacts a trait

Question 25

Genotype

Answer 25

pair of alleles Example: BB, bb, or Bb

Question 26

Phenotype

Answer 26

trait Example: brown or blue eyes

Question 27

Dominant Allele

Answer 27

can hide a recessive allele in a hybrid pair Example: Bb (B hides b, brown eyes present)

Question 28

Recessive

Answer 28

hidden allele unless two are present Example: bb (recessive trait of blue eyes present)

Question 29

What type of inheritances does blood have?

Answer 29

Complete Dominance Codominance Multiple Alleles (3 alleles for blood)

Question 30

Two genes determine the phenotype. A “dilution gene” lightens the “coat-color gene” in horses. What kind of inheritance?

Answer 30

Polygenic Inheritance

Question 31

Group A

Answer 31

has only the A antigen on red cells (and B antibody in the plasma)

Question 32

What determines the blood type?

Answer 32

There are four major blood groups determined by the presence or absence of two antigens (proteins) (A and B) on the surface of red blood cells

Question 33

Group B

Answer 33

has only the B antigen on red cells (and A antibody in the plasma)

Question 34

Group AB

Answer 34

has both A and B antigens on red cells (but neither A nor B antibody in the plasma) (universal receiver)

Question 35

Group O

Answer 35

has neither A nor B antigens on red cells (but both A and B antibody are in the plasma) (universal donor)

Question 36

Why is it important for someone to get the right blood?

Answer 36

Since foreign antigens can trigger a patient's immune system to attack the transfused blood with antibodies, safe blood transfusions depend on careful blood typing and cross-matching.

Question 37

inheritance by multiple alleles in blood

Answer 37

There are 3 alleles of the gene that controls blood type: IA, IB, i The I (or i) stands for immunoglobulin, or the type of white blood cell that would be triggered to attack.

Question 38

inheritance by codominance in blood

Answer 38

IAand IBare Co-Dominant genes, meaning when inherited together, they are both fully expressed, not blended, as in Incomplete Dominance.

Question 39

inheritance by complete dominance in blood

Answer 39

“ i ” is the recessive form of the allele. “ i ” is hidden by both IAand IB, because both alleles are dominant.

Question 40

homozygous genotype

Answer 40

two of the same allele

Question 41

heterozygous

Answer 41

two different alleles

Question 42

Agglutination

Answer 42

the process of cells clumping together because the immune system’s antibodies have attached to the antigens (protein markers) on the cells. Agglutination will occur if a person receives a blood transfusion with a blood type different from their own. This is bad!

Question 43

rh factor

Answer 43

An additional complication in blood typing is that there is a third major antigen called the Rh factor. If you have the Rh antigen as well, we say you are Rh +. No Rh antigen, you are Rh - . Each of the four A, B, AB, O blood types can come with or without the Rh factor. We will not deal with the Rh factor in the following genetics problems.

Question 44

punnett square

Answer 44

The Punnett Square is a tool used in genetics studies to determine the possible genotypes and phenotypes for a combination of parental alleles. The probability (percentage) of each genotype and phenotype can also be determined using the Punnett Square.