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A Level Geography > Natural Hazards > Flashcards

Natural Hazards Flashcards

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1
Q

Natural hazard

A

A natural event that causes a risk to life

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2
Q

Hazard risk

A

The probability of chance that a hazard will occur

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3
Q

Hazard perception

A

How people perceive a hazard

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4
Q

Fatalist

A

The approach that there is nothing that can be done to prepare for a hazard

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5
Q

Geophysical hazard

A

Tectonic based hazards

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6
Q

Atmospheric hazard

A

An air based hazard

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7
Q

Hydrological hazard

A

Water based hazard

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8
Q

Park model

A

Considers that standard to living/ quality of life and response to a natural hazard

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9
Q

what is the hazard management cycle

A

Cycle showing the different stages of a hazard response

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10
Q

Adaption to hazard

A

Adapting to the effects of a hazard - changing your way of living

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11
Q

Mitigation to hazard

A

Reducing the impact a hazard has

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12
Q

Frequency

A

How often a hazard occurs

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13
Q

Magnitude

A

The strength of an earthquake

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14
Q

Slab pull

A

Slabs at destruction boundary is pulled down into the mantle (by gravity and pressure)

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15
Q

Ridge push

A

Plate boundary where slabs are pulled apart (constructive+divergent)

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16
Q

Earthquake

A

The shaking of the earth’s crust due to plate movement

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17
Q

Fold mountains

A

Where two continental plates meet and are pushed together causing the land to fold and push upwards

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18
Q

Rift valleys

A

Land falls into the space that the plates left as they move apart at a constructive plate boundary

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19
Q

Subduction

A

The more dense plate is forced beneath the other plate and subducted (then melted)

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20
Q

Lava flows

A

Streams of molten rocks that pour from an erupting vent

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21
Q

Lahars

A

A mixture of hot or cold water and rock fragments which flow down the steep side of a volcano

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22
Q

Pyroclastic flows

A

High density fast flowing currents of hot gas and volcanic matter that flows along the ground away from the volcano at high speeds

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23
Q

Ash fallout

A

Fine material derived from volcanic glass, rock and crystal particles

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24
Q

Volcanic gases

A

Gases that are produced by volcanic eruption

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25
Q

VEI

A

The volcanic explosively index

  • a measure of the intensity of a volcanic eruption
  • scale of 1-8
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26
Q

Magma viscosity

A

The flow of magma

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27
Q

Landslides

A

Rock fall and movement of land - caused by earthquakes

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28
Q

Liquefaction

A

The mixing of sand or soil and groundwater

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29
Q

Seismic waves

A

Waves of energy that travel through Earth’s layer

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30
Q

Seismograph

A

The graph created from a seismometer that determine how much shaking occurred

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31
Q

Mercalli scale (MMI)

A

Measures the effect that an earthquake has on the earths surface
- 1-12

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32
Q

27 degrees

A

Temperature of water needed to form a tropical storm

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33
Q

Cyclone, hurricane, typhoon

A

Names of tropical storms depending on where they are formed in the world

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34
Q

Coriolis effect

A

Track of storms - tropical storms can’t move in a straight line as the earth moves

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35
Q

Eye wall

A

The most dangerous section of the storm

- surrounds the eye

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36
Q

Eye

A

The centre of the storm where it is the calmes

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37
Q

Wildfire triangles

A

Triangle showing what is needed for a wildfire to start

  • heat
  • oxygen
  • fuel
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38
Q

Smokey bear

A

American educational tool which is used to explain the risk of wildfires

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39
Q

Success

A

Whether the aim has been met (within hazard management)

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40
Q

Plate tectonic theory

A
  • tectonic plates move due to the convection currents in the asthenosphere
    > convection currents are caused when less dense magma rises, cools and sinks
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41
Q

Convection currents

A

The molten rock in the mantle aids the movement of plates

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42
Q

Tephra

A

Fragments of rock that are ejected from a volcano

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43
Q

Plinian eruptions

A

Highly explosive, large eruption column, range of tephra and pyroclastic flows

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44
Q

Richter Scale

A

A magnitude scale to measure the magnitude of an earthquake

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45
Q

Why is low pressure needed for a tropical storm

A

Low pressure causes air to rise - leads to the formation of thunderstorms which accumulate together to form a tropical storm

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46
Q

Saffir simpson scale

A

The scale that measures the strength of tropical storms based on wind speed
- scale of 1-5

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47
Q

Ladder fuels

A

Vegetation that allows for fire to travel and spread upwards from the forest floor

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48
Q

El nino

A

A band of warm ocean water that develops in central and east-central regions of the pacific

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49
Q

Pre-disaster phase of the park model

A
  • mitigate
  • prepare to minimise the risk
  • adaption
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50
Q

Relief phase of the park model

A

The immediate response

  • focused on rescue
  • happens in hours and days
  • help comes from charities
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51
Q

Rehabilitation phase of the park model

A

Efforts on restoring the physical community

  • recovery
  • improvement
  • aspects of rebuilding
  • happens in days and weeks
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52
Q

Reconstruction phase of the park model

A

Where permanent changes are introduced to restore the quality of life and economic stability

  • getting back to normality but better than before
  • includes mitigation and preparedness
53
Q

Stages of the convection currents in the mantle

A
  1. Heat source - radioactive decay in the earth’s core
  2. Rising limb of the convection currents. Heated rock in the mantle rises as it is less dense
  3. Semi molten rock spreads out carrying the plates above it
  4. Plates move due to the movement of convection currents below
  5. Cools and sinks back down to be reheated
54
Q

Plate tectonics evidence

A
  • Jigsaw fit - there is a similar outline of coastlines of east south America and west Africa
  • geological fit - evidence of ancient rock outcrops in east south America and west Africa
  • fossil evidence - examples of evidence found on separate continents
55
Q

What type of plates are at destructive boundary

A

Continental and oceanic

56
Q

What type of plates are at constructive boundary

A

Any plate type

57
Q

What type of plates are at conservative boundary

A

Any plate type

58
Q

What type of plates are at collision boundary

A

Continental and continental

59
Q

Landforms at a constructive boundary

A
  • mid ocean ridges
  • rift valleys
  • volcanoes
  • earthquakes
60
Q

Landforms at a destructive boundary

A
  • Powerful earthquakes
  • volcanoes
  • fold mountains
  • ocean trenches
  • island arcs
61
Q

Landforms at conservative boundaries

A
  • powerful earthquakes
62
Q

How are fold mountains formed

A
  • formed at a collision boundary
  • the two plates move together
  • this causes the plates to buckle and rise up
  • eg himalayas
63
Q

Spatial distribution of tropical storms

A

North and south of the equator in the tropics of cancer and Capricorn

64
Q

Frequency of tropical storms

A

More powerful and those reaching land are becoming more frequent

65
Q

Regularity of tropical storms

A

Irregular as they do not follow the same route

- they do occur at certain months of the year depending on where they are in the world

66
Q

Predictability of tropical storms

A

Satellite tracking

67
Q

Tropical storm

A

A low pressure, spinning storm with high winds and torrential rain

68
Q

Conditions for a tropical storm

A
  • 27C
  • at least 50 m
  • no less that 5 degrees on either side of the equator
  • unstable air pressure
69
Q

Primary effects of seismic hazards

A
  • environmental = fault lines, liquefaction
  • economic = buildings destroyed
  • social = buildings collapse, trapped people
  • political = government building destroyed
70
Q

Secondary effects of seismic hazards

A
  • environmental = radioactive materials, freshwater ecosystems flooded
  • economic = economic decline, high cost of rebuilding
  • social = gap pipe rupture, contaminated water, tsunami damage
  • political = political unrest, borrowing money, initial chaos and lawlessness
71
Q

Spatial distribution of natural hazards

A

Along all boundaries

72
Q

Frequency of seismic hazards

A

Occur everyday

73
Q

Regularity of seismic hazards

A

No pattern, are random

74
Q

Predictability of seismic hazards

A

Impossible to predict

75
Q

Prevention methods for volcanic hazards

A
  • can’t be prevented

- can only prevent risk to people

76
Q

Preparedness for volcanic hazards

A
  • monitoring
  • education on volcanoes
  • evacuation plans
  • trained responders
77
Q

Mitigation of volcanic hazards

A
  • direct intervention
  • strengthening buildings
  • evacuation and exclusion zones
  • emergency aid and rescue
78
Q

Adaption to volcanic hazards

A
  • moving away
  • capitalise on opportunities
  • change professions
79
Q

Wildfires

A

A large uncontrolled fire that quickly spreads through vegetation

80
Q

Conditions for wildfires

A

WILDFIRE TRIANGLE

  • fuel (ladder fuels)
  • oxygen
  • heat
  • extra: climate, weather
81
Q

What affects the behaviour of wildfires?

A
  • weather
  • topography
  • fuel type
82
Q

Primary effects of tropical storms

A
  • environmental = eroded beaches, habitats destroyed
  • economic = agricultural land damage, businesses destroyed
  • social = drowning, debris
  • political = government buildings destroyed
83
Q

Secondary effects of tropical storms

A
  • environmental = salt water contamination, animals displaced, changing water course
  • economic = high cost of rebuilding, loss of income
  • social = homelessness, polluted water, food shortage
  • political = debt from aid
84
Q

prevention of tropical storms

A

> cannot be avoided

> mitigate climate change - prevent high category storm

85
Q

preparedness for tropical storms

A

> education
evacuation plans
satellite image tracking and warning system

86
Q

mitigation of tropical storm

A

> search and rescue
strengthen homes
clearing loose debris before storm

87
Q

adaption of tropical storms

A

> move away

> design buildings to with stand damage and add flood defences

88
Q

formation of a tropical storm

A

1) strong upwind movement over air over ocean of 27C
2) evaporated air cools as it rises and condenses to form towering thunderstorm clouds
3) condensing air releases energy which powers the storm and draws up more water
4) several small thunder storms combine to form a giant spinning storm (surface winds exceed 120km/h)
5) storm is carried across the warm ocean it continually gathers strength and energy
6) storm develops an eye where air rapidly descends - most intense are found in the eye wall
7) on landfall the storm’s energy supply is cut off. friction with the land slows and weakens it, warm water will strengthen it

89
Q

inner core

A

> solid ball of iron/ nickel

> heat is responsible for earth’s internal energy

90
Q

outer core

A

> semi-molten

> iron/ nickel

91
Q

mantel

A

> asthenosphere - semi molten, convection current, bottom section
lithosphere - broken into plates, is within mantle, top of crust

92
Q

crust

A

> thin top of lithosphere
oceanic crust (dense and destroyed)
continental crust ( less dense and not destroyed)

93
Q

primary envrionmental effects of wildfires

A

> air pollution
water pollution
toxic gases
habitats destroyed

94
Q

secondary environmental wildfire effects

A

> stimulates seed germination
increase CO2
animal migration

95
Q

primary economic effects of wildfires

A

> businesses destroyed
agricultural land damaged
cost of fighting fires

96
Q

secondary economic wildfire effects

A

> high rebuilding costs

> lose of tourism and cancelled planes

97
Q

prevention of wildfires

A

> cannot be overall avoided
human - caused can be prevented
controlled burning can prevent large fires

98
Q

preparedness of wildfires

A

> public awareness
evacuation plans and training
satellite image tracking
red flag warning systems

99
Q

mitigation of wildfires

A

> search and rescue
removing flammable material
spraying water and fire retardant into area

100
Q

adaption of wildfires

A

> move away
fire breaks
reducing carbon footprint
insurance to cover damage

101
Q

what are hotspots

A

areas of volcanic activity not related to plate boundaries
> hot magma plumes from mantle burning weaker parts of crust
> plume stays in same place but plates move

102
Q

prevention seismic hazards

A

> can’t be prevented

> liquefaction can be prevented through soil stabilisation

103
Q

preparedness for seismic hazards

A

> awareness strategies and education
earthquake and tsunami warning systems
evacuation plans and training

104
Q

mitigation for seismic hazards

A

> search and rescue
demolishing older, unsafe buildings
tsunami wave breaks and sea walls

105
Q

adaption to seismic hazards

A

> move away or changing lifestyle choices
insurance
specially designed buildings

106
Q

formation of the east African rift valley

A

1) up warping of the crust takes place as magma rises as plates are driven apart
- tensional faults and cracks appear in the surface allowing for gasses to be emitted
2) plates continue to move apart as a rift valley is formed
3) huge blocks of crust descend into the mantle creating the valley
4) up welling magma creates volcanoes

107
Q

graben

A

the valley/ plate that had dropped

108
Q

horst

A

the land that has been pushed up

109
Q

p waves

A 
> pulse waves
> moves like a slinky
> forward and backward movement
> fastest
> moves though solid and liquid
110
Q

s waves

A

> whole body moves up and down
very damaging
slower
can’t move through liquid

111
Q

rayleigh waves

A

> up and down motion like a wave
more damaging than p waves
slower
moves along the surface

112
Q

love waves

A 
> lateral motion
> snake like
> not much movement
> slowest 
> surface waves
> some damage caused
113
Q

shield volcanoes

A

> gentle slopes and a wide base
frequent eruptions of basic lava
lava flows at high speeds and for long distances before cooling]
usually non-violent eruption
non-viscous lava due to basaltic composition
found at constructive boundaries

114
Q

composite volcanoes

A

> steep sided with a distinctive cone shape
high with a narrow base
explosive eruptions of lava and ash
layers of alternating ash and lava
viscous lava builds in layers and does not flow far from the crater
found at destructive boundaries

115
Q

hazards caused by volanoes

A 
> lava flows
> lahars (mudflows)
> floods
> tephra (ejected rock)
> toxic gases
> acid rain
> pyroclastic fall out (clouds of ash and gas)
> pyroclastic flow (gas, ash and rock flowing down the side)
116
Q

hazard management cycle stages

A

> preparedness (being ready)
response (immediate action)
recovery (long term response)
mitigation (lessen the effects of another hazard)

117
Q

why is the hazard management cycle better than the park model

A

hazards and there response are cyclical - making hazard management cycle more useful
> the cycle will always continue as areas will always experience hazards multiple times

118
Q

hazards caused by tropical storms

A

> high winds
flooding
landslides
storm surges

119
Q

primary environmental effects of volanic hazards

A

ecosystems damaged and wildlife killed

120
Q

secondary environmental effetc sof volcanic hazards

A

> acid rain

> adding top the greenhouse effect

121
Q

primary economic effects of volcanic hazards

A

businesses are detroyed

122
Q

secondary economic effects of volcanic hazards

A

jobs lost

123
Q

primary social effects of volcanic hazards

A

> people killed

> homes destroyed

124
Q

secondary social effects of volcanic hazards

A 
> fires
> mudflows
> floods
> trauma
> homlessness
125
Q

primary political effects of volcanic hazards

A

> government buildings destroyed

126
Q

secondary political effects of volcanic hazards

A

> conflicts over governmental response

127
Q

hazards caused by seismic events

A 
> shockwaves
> tsunami
> liquefaction
> landslides
> avalanches
128
Q

natural causes of wildfires

A

> lightening strikes
volcanoes
spontaneous combustion

129
Q

human causes of wildfire

A 
either accidental or arson
> lit cigarettes
> BBQ's
> agriculture
> trainlines
> etc

A Level Geography (51 decks)

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