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A Level Geography > CUE > Flashcards

CUE Flashcards

1
Q

where are the main urbanised areas

A

North America (82%), Latin America, Caribbean and Europe

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2
Q

1950s suburban dream

A
  • wanted own garden
  • send children to good schools
  • escape the crime in the cities
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3
Q

Albedo

A

Measure of how much light that hits a surface is reflected without being absorbed

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4
Q

Anthropogenic heat

A

Heat given off through human activity

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5
Q

associations of living in urban areas

A
  • higher levels of literacy and education
  • better health
  • greater access to social services
  • enhanced opportunities
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6
Q

benefits of counter urbanisation

A
  • easier to find less skilled work in the countryside
  • landowners can sell at a much higher price
  • increase in demand and profit of rural services
  • newcomers help to improve the environment eg conserve historical buildings and renovations
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7
Q

bid rent model

A
  • the further from the CBD the cheaper the price of land

- the highest footfall is more expensive (CBD, retail areas)

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8
Q

Building materials

A

Specific heat capacity for concrete is one-third of soil

- vertical buildings surface area is increased in cities so absorbs more heat and releases it at night

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9
Q

Burges model

A 
circle showing land use zoning in a city
CDB, light manufacturing, low class residential, middle class residential, exclusive residential
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10
Q

causes of the heat island effect

A
  • the presence of water
  • arrangement and height of buildings
  • pollutants
  • building materials
  • anthropogenic heat
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11
Q

consequences of urbanisation and urban growth

A
  • urban sprawl
  • shortage of houses is LICs and shortage of affordable housing in HICs
  • lack of urban services and waste disposal
  • unemployment and underemployment
  • transport issues
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12
Q

core frame model

A

spatial variation in the CBD

  • inner core - retail
  • outer core - offices, cinemas etc
  • frame - services - education, warehouses, transport, car sales etc
  • zone of assimilation - an area of gentrified building
  • zone of discard - land that is now derelict
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13
Q

Counter-urbanisation

A

The movement of people and employment from major settlements to smaller settlements

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14
Q

Decentralisation

A

New investment at the edge of the city

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15
Q

Deindustrialisation

A

The loss of jobs in the manufacturing sector

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16
Q

dry points

A

areas away from the risk of flooding

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17
Q

ecological footpront

A

the total area of productive land and water required to produce the resources a population consumes and absorb the waste product

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18
Q

edge cities

A

mixed offices, residential, and leisure spaces on the outer suburbs and near main roads

  • land is cheaper
  • people travel there for work or the services
  • developed since 50s and 60s when car ownership increased
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19
Q

effects if suburbanisation

A
  • urban sprawl
  • congestion
  • air pollution
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20
Q

evidence of counter urbanisation

A
  • increase in commuter train stations
  • increase house prices in these settlements
  • increase in farm buildings being converted into housing
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21
Q

fortress landscapes/ development

A

anti-terrorist and crime prevention measure that produces a hostile urban environment

  • increase security
  • in suburban areas
  • only those with permission can entre
  • designed to give a safe environment
  • divisive - only for rich
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22
Q

gap towns

A

towns between two areas of high land

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23
Q

gentrification and gentrified areas

A

the buying and renovation of houses and stores in deteriorated urban neighbourhoods by upper or middle income families or individuals - improving property values

  • displaces poorest
  • has a large range of services
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24
Q

government policy

A

the focus of regeneration will result from government ideologies at the time

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25
Q

Height/ arrangement of buildings

A

Tall buildings in close proximity - urban albedo is is lower than in rural areas
- vertical surfaces reflect heat and the radiated heat gets trapped as they are close together

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26
Q

how many people live in urban areas

A

over half the worlds population (2014)

- it was 30% in the 50’s

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27
Q

Hoyt model - 1939

A

based on the circles of the Burgess model but adds sectors of similar land uses concentrated in parts of the city
> zones radiate out from the CBD - follows lane of main roads and railways

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28
Q

human factors of an area

A
  • trading centre
  • government policy
  • transport links
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29
Q

hyper-urbanisation

A

the urban increase in the urban population is happening so rapidly that the city cannot cope with the need of the people

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30
Q

impact of urban areas on wind

A 
high pressure (rural) to low pressure (urban)
> downdraught effect, speed effect, downwind eddy and counter-current effect, venturi effect
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31
Q

inequality

A

the economic differences between people at a variety of scale - relative

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32
Q

Infiltration trenches

A
  • stone filled reservoir
  • gradual infiltration
  • enable storage, filtering and infiltration
  • water and pollutants are moved into surrounding soil
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33
Q

liveability

A

the characteristics of a city, which improve the quality of life for the people living there

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34
Q

main changes to water balance in urban areas

A
  • greater inputs from precipitation
  • artificially imported water
  • greater runoff
  • runoff water has poor quality
  • reduced evapotranspiration
  • reduced infiltration
  • less water is stored
  • artificial drainage systems added
  • more impermeable surfaces eg concrete
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35
Q

main groups that counter urbanise

A
  • retired
  • long distance commuters that can afford the cost
  • people that work for rural firms
  • people that work from home
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36
Q

main reasons for deindustrialisation

A
  • mechanisation
  • competition from abroad
  • reduce in the demand
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37
Q

Mann model

A 
combines Burges and Hoyt model
> high class from south west has high class housing on the south west 
>heavy industry found along the main lines of communication
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38
Q

mature gentrification

A

high earning private sector professionals who buy properties already improved by others

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39
Q

Mega city

A

Population of over 10 million

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40
Q

Millionaire city

A

Population of 1 million to 10 million

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41
Q

municipal waste

A

everyday items discarded by the public collected by public bins

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42
Q

Permeable pavement

A
  • run off through pours pavements
  • filters and removes pollutants
  • stored underground reservoir or goes straight into sub soil
  • removes the need for drains and off site sewers
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43
Q

physical factors of an area

A
  • wet points
  • dry points
  • gap towns
  • resources
  • relief
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44
Q

pioneer gentrification

A

purchase of rundown properties in deprived areas of the inner city

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45
Q

PLVI

A

Peak Land Value Interest

  • land value gradually decreases the further from the city centre you get
  • infrastructure intersection can increase footfall and therefore land value (causing peaks in value)
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46
Q

PMWC characteristics

A 
Fragmentation (FANTASTIC)
Globalisation (GEOGRAPHERS)
Simulation (START)
Beautification (BURPING)
Fortification ( + FARTING)
Information (IF)
Gentrification (GIVEN)
Decentralisation (DIET)
Privitisation (PEPSI)
47
Q

pollutants

A

both cooling and heating effect
> dust and smog cools
>CO2 absorbs sunlight which heats

48
Q

Post modern western cities

A

An urban form associated with changes in urban structure and architectural design, reflecting the changing social and economic conditions of the late twentieth century in some western cities

49
Q

poverty

A

a poor standard of living which doesn’t change over time

50
Q

precipitation in urban areas

A
  • 5-15% more precipitation
  • in urban areas than rural areas
  • warmer air = more moisture
  • dust and pollution creates a condensation nuclei
  • less vegetation
  • high amount of impermeable surfaces
51
Q

problems of counter urbanisation

A
  • increase cost of housing means locals can’t afford it
  • some services might be lost
  • the character of the place might be destroyed
  • social tension
  • traffic congestion on rural roads
52
Q

problems that arise due to housing shortages in LICS

A
  • informal and inadequate housing
  • increase in the number of people in slums
  • increases the deep of better basic amenities and services
53
Q

problems that arise form a shortage of affordable housing in HICs

A
  • increased house prices and rental costs

- seen in London where houses prices rose 50% (2010-2015)

54
Q

pull factors

A

reasons to come to the city

55
Q

pull factors to urban areas

A
  • employment in factories and services industries
  • earning money in the informal sector
  • better quality social provisions
  • a perceived better quality of life
56
Q

push factors

A

reasons to leave the countryside and go to the city

57
Q

push factors to urban areas

A
  • over-farming, soil erosion and low yields due to population growth meaning more food is needed
  • desertification and further agricultural problems
  • inadequate medical provision
  • wars and civil unrest
  • traditional rural communities have been driven off their land
  • increase in risk from natural disasters
58
Q

rainfall and wind in UHI

A

rainfall - warm ground, warm air rises, cools and condenses (cloud formation)
wind - low pressure in cities so air rises, leaving space for the cool air in urban areas to fill the gap (high pressure out of the city)

59
Q

rates in urbanisation change

A

richer countries are seeing a slower rate of urbanisation as most happened in the industrial revolutions
- Asia and Africa are growing the fastest at the moment

60
Q

reasons for suburbanisation

A
  • families moving out of the city centre
  • businesses have moved from the inner city to the edge
  • developers of houses, factories and offices prefer the edge of city location
61
Q

reasons from city diversity

A
  • employment opportunities
  • point of entry for migrants
  • people of the same ethnicity
  • specialist shops and services
  • tolerant of immigrants
62
Q

relief

A

need for flat land for buildings

63
Q

resources

A

importance for industry

64
Q

Sky-view factor

A

The amount of sky we can see without our view being impeded by tall buildings

65
Q

Social segregation

A

The separation of people:
Self segregation - individuals take themselves away to a certain area
Forced segregation - housing, services or other external factors create a segregated urban area

66
Q

Specific heat capacity

A

A measure of energy required to raise the temperature of 1kg of material by 1C

67
Q

Suburbanisation

A

Outward spread of built-up areas often at lower densities - centre to edge

68
Q

SUDS

A

> water management to drain surface water sustainably

69
Q

sustainable city

A

a city, which provides employment, a high standard of living, a clean, healthy environment and fair governance for all residents

70
Q

sustainable development

A

meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs

71
Q

Swales

A
  • temporary water storage
  • reduces peak flow
  • allows pollutants to be filtered
  • encourage microbial decomposition
  • connect to wetlands
  • allow for infiltration
72
Q

the presence of water

A

latent heat evaporates water

little water in urban areas so more sensible heat so atmosphere warms up

73
Q

trading centres

A

areas grow as a result of trade

74
Q

transport links

A

connection via road, rail, sea and air increasing the likelihood of growth

75
Q

Urban change since 1945

A

> most of world’s population has less than 80% urban areas
55% live in urban areas
largest cities in 1945 have slowed in their growth

76
Q

urban expansion

A

increase in the size or geographical footprint of a city

77
Q

Urban form

A

The physical characteristics that go towards making up an urban area

78
Q

urban growth

A

increase in the total population of a town or city

79
Q

Urban heat island effect

A

An urban ares that is significantly warmer that surrounding rural areas

80
Q

Urban resurgence

A

The movement of people and employment back into city centres

  • occurs due to a lack of jobs in the suburban/rural areas
  • is an attraction to new development
  • it is common in past-industrial countries
  • new shops and services as people move back, boosting the economy
  • original residents can’t afford to live there so are forced to cheaper areas
81
Q

urban sprawl facts

A
  • uncontrolled and unplanned
  • causes a loss in farmland and wildlife habitats
  • contributes to climate change (temp and flooding)
82
Q

urban water balance

A
  • relationship between inputs, outputs, stores

- BUT there is less infiltration and evapotranspiration

83
Q

Urbanisation

A

The increase in the proportion of people who live in urban settlements

84
Q

Venturi effect

A

Wind funnelled into narrow canyons created by tall buildings, speeding up as it becomes more restricted

85
Q

wet points

A

areas that have a good water supply

86
Q

wetlands

A
  • accommodate water level change
  • help biodiversity
  • filtering aided by plants and algae
  • increase flood-storage capacity
87
Q

what are the two main causes of urban growth

A

1) natural population growth

2) rural to urban migration

88
Q

why are urban areas important

A
  • areas of economic production eg financial services
  • social and cultural centres
  • centres of political power and decision making
  • exchange of ideas and creative thinking
89
Q

World city

A

Cities which are seen to have an important role in the global economic system

90
Q

World city characteristics

A 
> nodes in global economic system
> decision making at global level
> variety of international services
> financial headquarters
> high quality education 
> high % in services and information 
> media and communication 
> new ideas and innovation 
> manufacturing centres
91
Q

urban policy and regeneration in Britain since 1979

A
  • urban development corporations (1979-1990s)
  • enterprise zone (1981-present)
  • city challenge (1991-1997)
  • partnership schemes (2010-present)
92
Q

urban development corporations (1979-1990s)

A
  • 1979 - Uk city centres were in catastrophic decline
  • government created UDCs, using private sector funding to restore derelict areas
  • first UDC in 1981,London Docklands, aim to attract new businesses, improve environment, new jobs and housing
  • 1993 - 12 UDCs
  • criticised for ignoring local residents
93
Q

enterprise zone (1981 - present)

A
  • 1981 - established in areas of high unemployment
  • aim to attract start up companies by reducing tax
  • 1990 - EZs housed over 5000 companies
  • tax reduction caused existing companies to move to EZs which limited new jobs
94
Q

city challenge (1991-1997)

A
  • local authorities competed for government funding for regeneration
  • worked to improve physical, economic, social, environment
  • funding was allocated to projects that benefited the local community BUT many deprived areas received no funding
  • 1997 - over 50,000 jobs created, 40,000 homes improved
95
Q

partnership schemes (2010 - present)

A
  • 2010 - government worked with private companies
  • provided financial support and expertise on regeneration
  • designed to improve physical, economic and social conditions eg homes, parks, sports centres
96
Q

town centre mixed development

A
  • land use is mixed - residential, commercial and leisure uses are combined
  • are planned by local councils with private investment
  • aim to attract people back to city centres
97
Q

cultural and heritage quarters

A
  • focus on the history or character of a city
  • home to theatres, art galleries and historical buildings
  • often developed by local councils to regenerate former industrial areas
  • attract visitors, encourage economic development
98
Q

what are the new urban landscapes?

A
  • town centre mixed development
  • cultural and heritage quarters
  • fortress development
  • gentrified areas
  • edge cities
99
Q

land use patterns - developed world

A
  • CBD = highest land values
  • house price increases away from the CBD
  • inner city - high land value, high density housing, low wages, live in poverty, high ethnic minority
  • rural/ semi-rural - lower land value, less dense, open space, larger newer houses, wealthy, high wages, low ethnic minority
100
Q

land use patterns - developing world

A
  • house prices decrease away from CBD
  • city centre: high land value, high-cost housing, high wages, wealthy, wealthy immigrants (HICs, NEEs)
  • around centre: medium cost, informal settlement, improving housing, some services
  • outskirts: low land values, low cost, informal housing, limited access to services, poorly paid, high poverty
  • industrial: along transport links
101
Q

economic inequality

A
  • higher in developing world - lack of resources to support the poorest
  • developed nations have welfare states that provide basic services
  • ISSUES: political and social unrest, rise in crime, health issues
102
Q

cultural diversity and social segregation

A
  • cities most culturally diverse
  • BENEFITS: enrich character, increase tolerance, cultural events increase tourism, boost economy
  • ISSUES: tension, violence, pressure on services, isolation, under representation
  • sosical sergegation issues: prejudice, discrimination, inequalities increase, anxiety, lack access to facilities
103
Q

strategies to reduce poverty

A
  • improve transport
  • affordable housing
  • have minimum wage
  • offer subsidies
  • upgrading programmes for slums
  • investments in infrastructure
104
Q

strategies to improve social and cultural integration

A
  • political participation of minority groups
  • give minority groups opportunities in decision making
  • pass laws to prevent discrimination
  • new development reduce division
  • ease racial tension through group projects
105
Q

thunderstorms in urban areas

A
  • UHI effect - urban areas are warm, warm moist air rises, as it rises it cools and water vapour condenses (rain/ thunderstorms)
    1) sun heats ground
    2) radiated heat warms air above it
    3) warm air rises
    4) rises, cools, condenses = cloud formation and thunderstorms
  • dust and pollution in the air act as condensation nuclei that encourages clouds to form so air can’t disperse
106
Q

sources of urban waste

A
  • industrial waste - any waste from the manufacturing process or from industrial activity
  • commercial waste - waste produced by businesses
  • personal waste - any waste produced by private homes
107
Q

types of waste disposal

A
  • unregulated
  • recycling
  • incineration
  • recovery
  • burial (landfill)
  • submergence
  • trade
108
Q

waste disposal - unregulated

A
  • dumped at unofficial sites
  • can damage ecosystems
  • animals and birds get harmed if the eat or get stuck in waste
109
Q

waste disposal - recycling

A
  • waste reproduced into new products
  • reduced the demand for raw material
  • uses less energy so less greenhouse gases
  • requires separate collections and plants for processing
110
Q

waste disposal - incineration

A
  • when waste is burnt
  • reduced amount in landfill
  • emits ghg
  • can be used to generate electricity - reducing fossil fuels
111
Q

waste disposal - recovery

A
  • using waste instead of new products
  • reduces amount in landfill
  • fewer natural resources are exploited
112
Q

waste disposal - burial (landfill)

A
  • placed in disused mines, quarries or landfill
  • sites are lined BUT if not regulated then chemicals contaminate groundwater
  • gases from decomposing causes air pollution
  • collect gas for energy production
113
Q

waste disposal - submergence

A
  • dumping waste in the ocean (illegal but common)
  • can release toxic or radioactive substances
  • damage ocean ecosystems
114
Q

waste disposal - trade

A
  • buying and selling of waste
  • HICs sell hazardous waste to LICs
  • lack of proper disposals can damage local environments

A Level Geography (51 decks)

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