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A Level Geography > Coasts > Flashcards

Coasts Flashcards

1
Q

Abrasion

A

The eroding of material against the cliff

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2
Q

Attrition

A

The eroding of material against each other

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3
Q

Beesands management

A

Sea wall in 2016
Rock armour replacement cost £10,00
£7000 for new sheet piled retaining wall

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4
Q

Cliffs and Wave cut platform formation

A

Cliffs - form as the sea erodes the land and cliffs retreat due to waves and weathering
weathering and wave erosion cause a notch to form at the high water mark
Rock above becomes unstable and it collapses
Wave cut platforms are flat surfaces left behind when a cliff is eroded

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5
Q

Concordant coastline

A

Rocks run parallel to the sea

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6
Q

Cost benefit analysis of Slapton

A

Based on technical, environment, social-economic factors
Score system of acceptable choice
Managed road realignment on barrier - 56.2%

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7
Q

Currents as a source of energy

A

Transportation - rip currents take sediment out

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8
Q

Deposition

A

The dropping of material due to a lack of energy

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9
Q

Discordant coastline

A

Rocks on these coastlines run perpendicular to the sea

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10
Q

Dynamic equilibrium

A

When inputs and outputs of energy and matter of balanced

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11
Q

Emergence

A

Features of coastal erosion that appear to have developed above sea level

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12
Q

Emergent landforms - Raised beaches, relict/fossil cliffs, marine platforms

A

Raised beaches - areas of former wave cut platforms and their beaches, at a higher level than present coastline
Relict/ fossil cliff - steep slope found at the back of a raised beach showing features of caves, arches, and stacks (above raised beaches)
Marine platforms - wave cut platform is created in the bedrock where a gentle platform is made at the base of the cliff, now above sea level (isle of Arran)

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13
Q

Eustatic change

A

A global change in sea level resulting from a fall or rise in the level of sea itself
2 major factors - thermal expansion (where the volume of water increases as it gets warmer)
Land ice melt (melting of glaciers and ice sheets)

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14
Q

Examples of feedback

A

Increasing erosion elsewhere

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15
Q

Extra management (ROAD)

A

2001 - 5m of shingle covering 100m of A379
3 month closure
Rip rap temporarily used
Road realigned 20m back

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16
Q

Formation of barriers islands

A

Long narrow islands of sand or gravel that run parallel to the shore and are detached from it
Form areas of good sediment supply, gentle slope, fairly powerful waves and small tidal range

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17
Q

Formation of beaches

A

Formed when constructive waves deposit sediment on the shore
Shingle beaches are steep and narrow, large particles
Sand beaches formed from smaller particles, wider and flat
(They are a store in the coastal system)

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18
Q

Formation of headlands and bays

A

Headlands and bays are formed at discordant coastlines (soft and hard rock at right angles to shoreline)
The soft rock is eroded quickly forming the bay and the harder rock is eroded slower and sticks out as a headland

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19
Q

Formation of sand dunes

A

Formed when sand deposited by LSD is moved up the beach by the wind
Sand trapped by driftwood is colonised by plants and grasses
Vegetation stabilise the sand dunes and encourages more sand
Oldest dune migrate inland as embryo dunes are formed, mature dune can reach 10m
Embryo dune, foredune, yellow dune, grey dune, dune slack, mature dunes

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20
Q

Formation of spits and compound spits

A

LSD continues to deposit across the river mouth, leaving a bank of sand ad shingle
Changes to dominant wind direction cause a curved end
Over time there may be several curved ends - compound spit
The area behind normally turns into mudflats or salt marshes

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21
Q

Formation of tombolos and offshore bars

A

Bars are formed when a spit joins two headlands together - across a bay or a river mouth (lagoon forms behind)
Bars can also form off the coast towards the coast, are partially submerged
A bar that connects the shore to an island is a tombolo

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22
Q

Formation of caves, arches, stacks and stumps

A

Weak areas in the rock are eroded to form caves
Caves on the opposite side of the narrow headland may join up to form an arch
When the arch collapses this forms as stack
Over time the stack is eroded and a stump is formed

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23
Q

Geomorphological processes - mass movement (Rockfall, landslide, run off, mudflows, soil creep)

A

The downhill movement of weathered material under the force of gravity
Soil creep - soil particles downhill, wetting and freezing, forms shallow terracettes
Mudflows - increase in water reduces friction, earth and mud flow over underlying bedrock
Run off - water may eroded the cliff ace or pick up sediment
Landslide - heavy rainfall reduces friction in cliffs leading to a landslide
Rockfall - sloped cliffs exposed to chemical weathering, causes scree

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24
Q

Geomorphological processes - weathering

A

Biological - breakdown of rocks by organic activity, roots cause cracks in rock and animals burrowing
Chemical - chemical reaction where salts may be dissolved or a clay like deposit may result, carbonation, oxidation and solution
Mechanical - the breaking up of rocks without any chemical changes taking place, freeze thaw and wetting and drying

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25
Geomorphological processes- deposition
``` Spits/ compound spits Beaches Tombolos Bars LSD, loss of energy due to increased friction, causes deposition of material, on low energy coast with constructive waves ```
26
Geomorphological processes- transportation
The way in which individual particles are moved at a coastline Effected by energy and size
27
Hard engineering
Sea walls - wall that reflects waves back out to sea, +ve effective, promenade -ve reflect wave energy, expensive Groynes - fences built at right angles that trap material, +ve natural process, not to expensive -ve starve other beaches Gabions - rock filled cages at the base of the cliff, +ve don’t impede lsd, quick to build and maintain -ve ugly Revetments - slanted structures at the base of the cliff, +ve relatively inexpensive -ve intrusive and unnatural Rip-rap - boulders piled up along the coast, +ve fairly cheap -ve can shift in the storms
28
High energy coast
``` Rocky coastline Erosion exceeds deposition Contains cliffs and headlands Large, powerful waves Strong winds and long fetch ```
29
Hydraulic action
The power of the waves as the smash against the cliff
30
Impact of climate change on the coast
Climate change is leading to a rise in sea level (melting of glaciers), melting of ice is also leading to the rise in land level Causing places to be flooded more than others UK - north rising, south sinking with addition of rising sea levels - land lost quickly
31
Inputs
Things that enter the system from outside sources eg energy/ material from elsewhere Wind, fluvial sediment
32
Integrated coastal zone management
``` Consider all the elements of the coastal system Protect coastal zone in a natural state View environment as whole Different uses Local, regional, national input Dynamic strategy ```
33
Isostatic change
Local change in sea level resulting from the land rising and falling relative to the sea
34
Key stakeholders for the ICZM in Odisha
Odisha tourism development cooperation - 6 ecotourism sites Local communities - 400,000 people benefit Fisheries department - 60 fishing villages helped to have an alternative job Water resource department - 505m of Gabon’s installed Archeology department culture - heritage
35
Low energy coasts
``` See less powerful waves Sandy and estuaries Deposition exceeds erosion Beaches and spits Sheltered areas ```
36
Major changes in sea level in last 10000 years
Sudden rise due to sudden temp rise Caused icebergs to melt so sea level rose Has become more stable over the last 2,000 years
37
Formation of mudflats and salt marshes
- Occurs in sheltered, low energy environments eg river estuaries, behind a spit - as the two flows (estuary and river) meet the fine particles settle out of suspension by flocculation - Silt and mud are deposited by the river or the tide, mudflat develop - intertidal mudflat areas are colonised by vegetation (eelgrass), overtime succession of other plant type - Plants trap slow the currents so more mud and silt, grows upwards so is exposed for longer between tides - Erosion by tidal currents or streams forms channels in the surface
38
Negative feedback
Decreases/ decline the amount of change by reducing some of the inputs (Slows down a process)
39
Outputs
Material/ energy moving out of a system | Evaporation, headlands
40
Positive feedback
Increases/ growth in the amount of change (speeding up processes)
41
Processes at start bay
Both high and low energy Barrier beach shows attrition South Westerly winds lead to LSD Northward Offshore currents - north back to south Beach was up to 20 miles out Sediment from out at sea, coastline and fluvial inputs Storm winds - erosive energy which damage defences
42
Saltation
Pebble-sized particles are bound along the sea bed by the force of the water
43
Scale of space
Distance: global - sea levels, tides National/regional - pollution, sediment cells, system, processes Local - management, landforms Area + volume
44
Scale of time
Past: past landforms, landform development, historic sea level Future: processes (weathering), prevent future erosion and flooding (climate change), sea level changes, landforms Present
45
Sediment budget
The balance between sediment added to and removed from the coastal system
46
Sediment cell
Areas along the coastline and nearshore area where the movement of material is self contained
47
Sediment source
Fluvial sediment, cliff erosion, LSD | Where sediment has come from
48
Shoreline management plans
Coast split into sediment cells Each cell has a plan - aim to protect important sites without causing problems elsewhere All local authorities in the cell cooperate
49
Slapton Ley Management
Beach reprofiling to increase height and width | Cost £2.5 million to retreat
50
Slapton Line Partnership
2001 after road loss agreement with stakeholders Moved inland twice in 2 places Example - 50% passing trade from road from post office owner
51
Slapton Sands management
Unprotected barrier beach Rock armour near middle car park 2014 - 5 shingle bastions to reduce LSD but were soon eroded
52
Slapton sands background
``` 15 miles long Start point (south) to Warren point (north) Was a fishing region but now relies on tourism ```
53
Soft engineering
Beach nourishment - addition of sand or pebbles to the existing beach, +ve cheap, easy, natural -ve constant maintenance Dunes regeneration - build up of dune and increase vegetation, +ve barrier between land and sea, natural -ve damaged, carefully managed Managed retreat - areas of the coast are allowed to erode, +ve natural balance, encourages development -ve lose livelihood Land use management - using areas of land around the coast for things of different importance, +ve natural, cheap -ve expensive to redevelop Do nothing - deal with the effects of flooding and erosion as they come, +ve cheap and environmental -ve destroys homes and land
54
Solution (erosion)
Rocks dissolved in the sea
55
Solution (transportation)
Soluble material dissolve in the water and are carried along
56
Sources of energy in coastal environments
Wind, waves, currents, tides
57
Spearman’s rank
1) rank the data, make sure both are ranked in the same order 2) find the difference, first column - second column 3) square the score of the difference 4) add up d2 5) use equation R = 1 - 6xd2/n3-n (n is the number of things) 6) use significance levels
58
Start Bay landforms
4km long barrier beach Freshwater lagoon - designated sight of special scientific interest Stacks - Dancing Beggars Several wave cut platforms - in an area in front of Limpet rocks
59
Torcross management
Sea wall built in 1971 but collapsed in 2001 and 2016 | 24,000 tonnes from Strete Gate in 2015 was washed away overnight
60
Stores
Parts of the system that are not necessarily in motion | Beach, spits, bars
61
Submergence landforms - Rias, Fjords, Dalmation coasts
Rias - a river valley that has been flooded as a result of eustatic sea level rise Fjords - a submerged glacial valley (Norway) Dalmation coasts - river valleys that lie parallel to the coast with an increase in sea level are flooded, islands parallel to coast (Croatia)
62
Submergent
Occurs where sea levels rise
63
Suspension
Small particles like silt and clay are carried along in the water
64
Tectonic sea level change
Tectonics can control the spread of the water by opening and closing ocean basins Movement displaces water
65
The coast as a system
It has inputs, outputs, transfers and stores
66
Tides as a source of energy
Determine where features are going to be formed and what they will be Tides are the period fall and rise in sea level caused by the gravitational pull of the moon and the sun
67
Traction
large particles pushed along the sea bed by the force of the water
68
Transfers
Processes of movement within a system | Erosion, LSD, mass movement
69
Wave quarrying
Gas enters the cracks on a cliff causing small explosions and eroding the coast
70
Waves as a source of energy
Erosion, deposition, LSD Affected by: strength of wind, the fetch, duration of the wind, The strength of the wind has the greatest impact on energy as too creates the waves The longer distance for fetch means energy passes it on for longer
71
Why was an ICZM used in Odisha
``` Suffers severe cyclones - Pailin 2013, $700,000 economic loss 36.8% of coastline eroded, 14% stable Have heavy monsoon seasons Growing population Littoral drift - 1.5 million tonnes sand moved per year Government and world bank Multiple stakeholders Sustainable Coastal natural resources ```
72
Why were mangroves used in Odisha
4km lost over 50 year (human intervention + hazard) Creates natural habitats and provides protection Keeps up with 25mm year sea rise Accretion levels increase by 50% more than any other coast (Kendrapara) NGO wetlands international cultivated by locals 323 hectares of mangroves planted
73
Winds as a source of energy
Makes waves, increases fetch, power Wind is formed by air moving between areas of different pressure along a pressure gradient The steeper the gradient the faster the wind moves
74
bedding plane
natural weaknesses between layers of sedimentary rock
75
strand line
line of seaweed/ driftwood showing the high tide line
76
fetch
the distance that the wind or waves travel before landfall
77
lyme grass and eelgrass
pioneer species for salt marshes
78
sediment sub-cell
small areas within a sediment cell
79
longshore drift
movement of sediment along a beach in the direction of the prevailing wind
80
spring tide
the largest difference in tide height
81
neep tide
the smallest difference in tide height
82
halophytes
salt tolerant plant - part of sand dune and salt marsh formation
83
Formation of a fjord
- a flooded glacial valley - as sea levels rise, U-shaped valleys left by glaciers are submerged - they have steep valley sides and are fairly straight and narrow - they have a u-shaped cross section with hanging valleys - at the mouth they have a shallow section called a threshold - this is due to reduced glacial erosion as the glacier came into contact with the sea - Example - Sogne fjord, Norway

A Level Geography (51 decks)

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