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A Level Geography > Global Systems > Flashcards

Global Systems Flashcards

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1
Q

4 global commons

A
  • Antractica
  • high seas
  • atmosphere
  • space
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2
Q

Agencies of gorwth and inequality - MDGs

A

17 goals 8 of which were achieved

- eg no poverty, zero hunger, clean water etc

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3
Q

Agencies of growth and inequality - UN

A

Intergovernmental organisation aiming to maintain international peace and security

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4
Q

Agencies of growth and inequality - UNDP

A

A UN organisation tasked to help countries eliminate porverty adn achieve sustainable economic growth and human development
- main goals: end poverty, build democratic goevernance

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5
Q

Agencies of growth and inequality - UNEP

A

Provide leadership and encourage partnership in caring for the environment
- inspiring, informing, enabling nations and people to imporve qualit og life wihtout compromosing future generations

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6
Q

Agencies of growth and inequality - WSSD

A

Aimed to reinvigerate global commitment to sustainable development, environmental protection and poverty alleviation
- Rio earth summit 1992

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7
Q

Agencies of growth and inequality - WTO

A

Works with global trade and trade blocs

- ensures that global trade commences smooth.y, freely and predictably

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8
Q

Agencies of growth and inequality NGOs

A

They bring global concerns and perspectives to a national and local levle and report domestic politics to the rest of the world

  • operational NGOs - a group of citizens that focus on designing and implementing development projects and advocacy
  • advocary NGOs - defed or promote a specific cause and seek to influence public policy
  • Greenpeace, Amnesty international
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9
Q

Agenicies of growth and inequality - world summit on climate change

A

Are needed to achieve successful COP goals and to coordinate action to tackle climate change

  • COP26, paris agreement, kyoto protocal
  • thinking on a gloable scale as the actions of one country impact the worlds climate but everyone needs to be in agreement to allow for effective change
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10
Q

Asylum seeker

A

A refugees who formally applies to reside in the country they arrive in

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11
Q

Atmosphere global governance

A

Climate agreements

  • rio earth summit
  • kyoto protocol
  • paris agreement
  • montreal protocol
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12
Q

Atrmosphere climate

A
  • provides a sustainable climate for life
  • maintains global tem of 14C
  • 9.9million emplyed by aviation
  • 63 million indirectly employed
  • 1% of global exports is via air
  • important in energy porductiton
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13
Q

Bio security

A
  • disease outbreaks and knowledge prevent this eg COVID

- things can be put in place to remove biosecurity hazards

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14
Q

BRIC

A

Brazil Russia, India, China - economies advanced rapidly since the 1990s

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15
Q

Common market

A

Eliminate internal barriers, adopt common external barriers. Free movement of resources amoung member countried eg Mercosur

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16
Q

Consumption

A

The final purchase of goods and services by individuals

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17
Q

Containerisation

A

causes 85% of all ship pollution is in the norther hemisphere
Shipping is responsible for 4% of climate change emissions
15 mill containers
90% of non bulk cargo is transported via container

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18
Q

Customs union

A

Eliminate internal barriers, adopt common external barriers eg EU/Turkey

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19
Q

De-regulation

A

Reduction or elimination of government power in a particular industry, usually enacted to create more competition within the industry

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20
Q

Diaspora

A

A large group of people with a similar heritage or homeland who have moved and settled in places all over the world

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21
Q

Distance-decay

A

The number of migrants decline as the distance between origin and destination increases

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22
Q

Distribution

A

The movement of goods around the world to the consumer

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23
Q

Economic globalisation dimensions

A

1) actual economic flows

2) restrictions to trade and capital

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24
Q

Economic union

A

Elinimate barriers, adopt common external barriers. Free movement and resources and uniform set of economic policies eg EU

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25
Q

Emigrant

A

A person who is leaving a country to live in another

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26
Q

Environment

A
  • promote ecological awareness and imporved technology
  • allows for greater environmental monitoring
  • many global activities are polluting and lead to land use change
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27
Q

Examples of the tragedy of commons

A
  • Grand banks fisheries - by the 90s the cod population was so low the fishing indutry collapsed (in Newfoundland)
  • gluf of mexico dead zone - region of gulf of mexico can’t support living creatures, everyone on the mississippi adds pollutants to the water way
  • bluefin tuna - overexploitation of bluefin tuna made lead to extinction as nations have ignored conservation
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28
Q

External migration

A

Moving to a new home in a different state, country or continent

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29
Q

factors affecting globalisation

A
  • technology, systems, relations
  • financial systems
  • trade agreements
  • transport and communication
  • management and information
  • security
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30
Q

Flows of capital

A

1/3 of financial investments are international transactions
> flow of global finance increased by 60% between 2002 and 2012
> financial flows are becoming more connected regionally

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31
Q

Flows of labour

A

Migrants are moving from countries with lower mean number of years of schooling to countries with higher mean numbers of years schooling

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32
Q

Focus of global governance

A
  • civil conflict
  • reductio of poverty
  • trade and investment inequality
  • human rights violations
  • reduce environmental issues
  • financial instability
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33
Q

Forced migration

A

A person has to migrate because of circumstances

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34
Q

Forms of globalisation

A

Economic - TNC growth
Social - impact of western culture, art, media sport etc
Political - western democracies and influence on poor

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35
Q

Free trade area

A

Eliminate international barriers, but maintained independent external barriers eg NAFTA

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36
Q

Full intergration

A

United States

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37
Q

G8

A
  • 8 industrial nationals that foster a consensus on global issues like economic growth and crisis management, global secuirty, energy and terrorism
  • france, germany, italy, japan, uk, japan, us, canada, russia
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38
Q

Global an security in an interdependent world

A

Impacts:

  • human security
  • military security
  • environmental security
  • cultural and psychological security
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39
Q

Global commons

A

Resource domains or areas that lie outside of the political reach of anyone nation state

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40
Q

Global governance

A

Attempts to regulate global systems and activities

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41
Q

Global systems

A

Any organisation, groupings or activities that link differnt parts of the world

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42
Q

Globalisation

A

A process by which national economies, societies and cultures have become increasingly integrated through global networks

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43
Q

Glocalisation

A

The production of a global good that is adapted to a local market

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44
Q

High seas climate

A
  • ocean covers over 71% of earths surface
  • redistribute 25% of earths global heat
  • 26% of CO2 released into the atmosphere from 2002 -2001 was absorved by the ocean
  • contribute to economic growth - economic growth is 1.5% greater for countries with an ocean
45
Q

High seas global governance

A

United nations

  • UN - oversea the laws
  • UNEP - regional sea conventions
  • regional fishery bodies
  • international sea bead authority - regulates exportation and exploitation of sea beds
46
Q

IMF

A

Acts as a regulator of financial flows and stabiliser of the system

  • oversee international monetary system
  • promotes exchange stability
  • assist both developing and industrial countries
  • has 182 member countries
47
Q

Immigrant

A

A person whi is entering a country from another to take up new residence

48
Q

Initiatives that have been set up

A
  • WCO
  • EU
  • ensure ‘quality lables’ on products to increase security of trade
49
Q

Internal migration

A

Moving to a new home within a state, country or continent

50
Q

Invisible trade

A

Trade of services are exhcnaged eg tourism

51
Q

Key trade blocs

A
  • EU - single market
  • European Free Trade Area (EFTA)
  • North American Free trade agreement (NAFTA) = USA, Canada and Mexico
  • Mercosur = customs union, Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay and Venezuela
  • ASEAN = south east asia, free trade area
  • SATA
  • Pacific Alliance
52
Q

KOF index of globalisation

A

Covers and measures economic, social and political dimensions of globalisation

53
Q

Leakages

A

Loss of income from an economic system (profits sent back to their base country by transitional corporations)

54
Q

Marketing

A

The process of promoting and selling products or services

55
Q

Marshal McLuhan

A

Argued that similarities between places were greater than the differences between them

56
Q

MINT

A

Mexico, Indonesia, Nigeria, Turkey - recently emerging economies

57
Q

Movement of labour facts

A

> are increases in cross-border movements, but most migrants mover over short distances within the same region or neighbouring regions
North America, Europe, Gulf - attract migrants furthest afield
migrants - people with educational and financial means
2005-2010 - 5 mill moved from south Asia to West Asia

58
Q

Net-migration

A

The difference between the number of immigrants and emigrants in an area

59
Q

NGO

A

Non-governmental organisation

60
Q

OECD

A
  • influences the global economy

- help developing countries to find sustainable growth

61
Q

Oil reserve distribution

A
  • end of 2020 global reserves were 1650 billion barrels
  • middle east holds 48% of total reserves
  • south america has 20%
  • largest reserve is in Saudi Arabia = 25% of worlds total
62
Q

OPEC

A
  • unify petroleum policies to ensure a fair capital

- secure and stable prices for producers and consumers

63
Q

Organisation for economic co-operation and development (OECD)

A
  • established in 1961 to promote economic development and trade between the member countries who are committed to democracy and free market economy
  • only have 14% of the proven oil reserves
64
Q

Organisation of petroleum exporting countries (OPEC)

A
  • set up in 1960 to co-ordinate pertoleum policies
  • ensure stable prices and a fair return on capital to those investing in the industry
  • only have 86% of the proven global oil reserves
65
Q

Peace and security

A
  • increased global interdependence has promoted distincentives to war especially among organisation for economic co-operation countries
  • growth of global governace has increased the possibility or arms control and conflict managements
  • intervention from HICs in conflicts in LICs where resources are at stake
66
Q

Political globalisation

A

Uses the number of embassies and high commissions in a country, number of international organisations and number of UN peace missions

67
Q

Preferentail trade

A
  • lower but not eliminate barriers amoung members
68
Q

Pressure on the atmosphere

A
  • climate change - global surface temperatures have risen by 1.1% since late 19th century, more frequent extreme weather events
  • limited impacts of climate treates - only 37 countries in kyoto protocol, passed paris agreement target, failed targets for most
69
Q

Pressure on the high seas

A
  • over fishing - annual average of 1.2 million tonnes
  • ocean floor - exploiting minerals, Russia extends EEZ to 350 miles since 2002
  • plastics - 8 million tonnes added every year, 15 trillion prieces of plastic pollutants in the water
70
Q

Principle of common heritage

A

Some localities belong to all humanity and the resources there are available to everyones use and benefit
- includes taking into account future generations needs

71
Q

Production

A

The making or manufacturing of raw material

72
Q

Profit repatriation

A

Profit made by TNCs being taken back to their home country headquaters

73
Q

Pull factors

A

Positive reasons to attract people to an area

74
Q

Push factors

A

Negative reasons to leave

75
Q

Refugess

A

A person who is residing outside the country of their origin due to fear of persecution

76
Q

Remittance

A

Transfer of money made by foreign workers to family in their home country

77
Q

Social globalisation categories

A

1) personal contacts
2) information flows
3) cultural proximity

78
Q

Supply chain security

A
  • mitigate the risks that are involved with moving products from one place to another
  • physical security
  • cyber security
  • no single set of established supply chain security guidelines
  • physical threats include theft, sabotage and terrorism
79
Q

Trade

A

The exchange of capital, good and services between countries

80
Q

Trading blocs

A

Groups of countries in specific regions that manage and promote trade activities

81
Q

Trading community security issues

A
  • supply chain security
  • crime and anti terrorism
  • food and bio-security
  • fiscal
  • anti smuggling
82
Q

Tragedy of the commons

A

Describes how shared environmental resources are overused and eventually depleted

83
Q

Types of flows

A 
> flows of information 
> flows of capital
> flows of products
> flows of services
> flows of labour
84
Q

Un (security council)

A
  • set up in 1945 with 193 countries
  • ensure international peace and security
  • takes lead in determining the existence of a threat to the peace of act of aggressions
  • impose sanctions to maintain peace
  • authorise military action
85
Q

Unequal flows - benefits to origin

A
  • returing migrants bring savings, skills and contacts
  • developing countries benefit from remittance
  • remitancess can boost economy
86
Q

Unequal flows of people - benefit to host

A
  • have enriched cultural diversity
  • services to an ageing population are maintained
  • pension gap filled
  • job vacancies filled
  • immigrants bring energy and innovation
  • economic growth sustained
  • unempolyment reduced
87
Q

Unequal flows of people - problems to origin

A
  • loss of highly trained people in areas of origin especially health workers
88
Q

Unequal flows of people - problems to host

A
  • low pay means employers ignore productivity, innovation and training
  • face economic disadvantage
  • unemployment may rise if no limit on incomers
  • integration difficulties
  • increase in pressure on services
  • migrants may be exploited
89
Q

Visible trade

A

Trade of goods are exchnaged becuase they can be couned weighed and given value

90
Q

Voluntary migraiton

A

A person makes the decision to migrate

91
Q

WCO

A
  • promotes certainty, predictablity and security of the international movement of goods and people accompanying the goods
  • set clear standards
  • faccilitates easier interational trade
92
Q

What are norms and laws

A
  • norms - values, traditions and customs that govern individuals behavious in any particular society, some are unspoken and never written down
  • laws - obligatory and normally protect the rights and interests of all who live under them
93
Q

What is global governance

A

The emergance and the developing role of norms, laws and institutions in regulating and reproducing global syteems

94
Q

World Bank

A

Provider of support for less developed countries and aims to reduce poverty

  • promote economic development
  • provide to the poorest wiht GNP per capita is less tha $865 a year
  • financial resources by borowing on the international bond market
  • 180 member countries
95
Q

volume and pattern of trade

A
  • volume = 8x increase between 1980-2008
  • pattern = Nees catching up to Medcs, Ledcs slow growth but getting biiger
  • removing abrriers to trade
  • riase in fair trade
96
Q

volume and pattern of investment

A

FDI = company spends money in another country to generate profit

  • volume - rose from $400 billion 1996, to $1,500 billion in 2016
  • pattern - used to be medcs to medcs, now medcs to nees and nees to lics
  • ethical investments are being considered - USA tripled 2005 - 2006
97
Q

UN growth and stability

A
  • millennium development goals: reduce number in poverty, increase children in schools (NOW sustainable development)
  • peace keeping missions: help end wars, help carry out peaceful elections
98
Q

UN inequalities and injustices

A
  • developed nations hold the post power in the UN: many issues affect African countries but no African country has a permanent seat at the UN security council
  • UN has been ineffective: failed to protect srebrenica from Bosnian serbs
99
Q

impact of globalisation - benefits

A
  • integration: pool resources, understanding of different cultures
  • development: improve education, further trade
  • stability: interconnected countries, discourages conflict
  • economic growth: profit from natural resources, improve living standards
100
Q

impacts of globalisation - costs

A
  • inequalities
  • conflict
  • injustice
  • environment
101
Q

unequal flows of people

A
  • from few jobs to plenty
  • escape wars, famine, persecution
  • move for economic reasons
  • easier for HICs - LICs
  • remittances
  • BENEFITS: economic growth, do jobs others can’t / wont do
  • PROBLEMS: ‘brain drain’ (adds inequality), conflict between locals and migrants, injustice - dangerous working conditions
102
Q

unequal flows of money

A
  • remittances, foreign aid, foreign direct investment, trade
  • flow form HICs to LICs
  • BENEFITS - FDI means cheap raw materials and low labour costs, improve living standards and infrastructure
  • NEGATIVE:
  • inequalities - dependency, force out local businesses
  • Conflict - foreign aid can fund conflicts, conflict between foreign company and locals
  • injustices - pressure on governments to pass laws to make a cheaper investment
103
Q

unequal flows of ideas

A
  • 1980s MEDCs privatised companies and cut government spending (neo-liberalism)
  • created free trade, more development, less conflicts
  • PROBLEMS:
  • inequalities - concentrate wealth to a few
  • conflict - LEDCs are threatened by decisions, MEDCs think they are justified
  • injustice - justifies poor working conditions and environmental degradation
104
Q

unequal flows of technology

A
  • technology leads to rapid innovation
  • help people all over the world
  • PROBLEMS:
  • inequalities - developed countries can afford the latest technology, advantageous to MEDCs over LEDCs
  • conflicts and injustices - repressive governments in LEDCs, weapons technology from MEDCs (to stop protesting)
105
Q

TNCs - spatial organisation

A
  • create a global supply chain as different parts of the business are in different countries
  • headquarters = big cities that are well connected
  • R&D = same country as headquarters, highly educated
  • regional R&D = in specific countries of sale
  • factories LEDCS = low production cost
  • some factories in MEDCs to avoid import taxes
106
Q

TNCs - linkages

A
  • mergers (2 companies become 1)
  • acquisitions (1 company buys another)
  • using subcontracts (TNCs use foreign companies to manufacture products without owning the businesses)
  • FDIs
  • vertical integration (company takes over other parts of the supply chain)
  • horizontal integration (company merges without another at the same stage of production)
107
Q

TNCs- production

A
  • global supply chain = economies of scale
  • primary industry = countries with natural resources
  • secondary industry = low labour costs and cheap land
  • tertiary industry = well educated population
  • invest in weak labour and environmental regulations
108
Q

TNCs - trading and marketing patterns

A
  • intra firm trading - products made in one country of the same business ‘sell’ to another (30-50% of trading figures)
  • TNCs investment leads to multiplier effect (jobs - money - local business - government)
  • make it easier to trade as part of a global supply chain
  • operate in different countries to have advantage of global marketing
  • gain knowledge of local market (change products for culture)
  • they create a globally recognised brand

A Level Geography (51 decks)

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