Global Systems Flashcards
1
Q
4 global commons
A
- Antractica
- high seas
- atmosphere
- space
2
Q
Agencies of gorwth and inequality - MDGs
A
17 goals 8 of which were achieved
- eg no poverty, zero hunger, clean water etc
3
Q
Agencies of growth and inequality - UN
A
Intergovernmental organisation aiming to maintain international peace and security
4
Q
Agencies of growth and inequality - UNDP
A
A UN organisation tasked to help countries eliminate porverty adn achieve sustainable economic growth and human development
- main goals: end poverty, build democratic goevernance
5
Q
Agencies of growth and inequality - UNEP
A
Provide leadership and encourage partnership in caring for the environment
- inspiring, informing, enabling nations and people to imporve qualit og life wihtout compromosing future generations
6
Q
Agencies of growth and inequality - WSSD
A
Aimed to reinvigerate global commitment to sustainable development, environmental protection and poverty alleviation
- Rio earth summit 1992
7
Q
Agencies of growth and inequality - WTO
A
Works with global trade and trade blocs
- ensures that global trade commences smooth.y, freely and predictably
8
Q
Agencies of growth and inequality NGOs
A
They bring global concerns and perspectives to a national and local levle and report domestic politics to the rest of the world
- operational NGOs - a group of citizens that focus on designing and implementing development projects and advocacy
- advocary NGOs - defed or promote a specific cause and seek to influence public policy
- Greenpeace, Amnesty international
9
Q
Agenicies of growth and inequality - world summit on climate change
A
Are needed to achieve successful COP goals and to coordinate action to tackle climate change
- COP26, paris agreement, kyoto protocal
- thinking on a gloable scale as the actions of one country impact the worlds climate but everyone needs to be in agreement to allow for effective change
10
Q
Asylum seeker
A
A refugees who formally applies to reside in the country they arrive in
11
Q
Atmosphere global governance
A
Climate agreements
- rio earth summit
- kyoto protocol
- paris agreement
- montreal protocol
12
Q
Atrmosphere climate
A
- provides a sustainable climate for life
- maintains global tem of 14C
- 9.9million emplyed by aviation
- 63 million indirectly employed
- 1% of global exports is via air
- important in energy porductiton
13
Q
Bio security
A
- disease outbreaks and knowledge prevent this eg COVID
- things can be put in place to remove biosecurity hazards
14
Q
BRIC
A
Brazil Russia, India, China - economies advanced rapidly since the 1990s
15
Q
Common market
A
Eliminate internal barriers, adopt common external barriers. Free movement of resources amoung member countried eg Mercosur
16
Q
Consumption
A
The final purchase of goods and services by individuals
17
Q
Containerisation
A
causes 85% of all ship pollution is in the norther hemisphere
Shipping is responsible for 4% of climate change emissions
15 mill containers
90% of non bulk cargo is transported via container
18
Q
Customs union
A
Eliminate internal barriers, adopt common external barriers eg EU/Turkey
19
Q
De-regulation
A
Reduction or elimination of government power in a particular industry, usually enacted to create more competition within the industry
20
Q
Diaspora
A
A large group of people with a similar heritage or homeland who have moved and settled in places all over the world
21
Q
Distance-decay
A
The number of migrants decline as the distance between origin and destination increases
22
Q
Distribution
A
The movement of goods around the world to the consumer
23
Q
Economic globalisation dimensions
A
1) actual economic flows
2) restrictions to trade and capital
24
Q
Economic union
A
Elinimate barriers, adopt common external barriers. Free movement and resources and uniform set of economic policies eg EU
25
Emigrant
A person who is leaving a country to live in another
26
Environment
- promote ecological awareness and imporved technology
- allows for greater environmental monitoring
- many global activities are polluting and lead to land use change
27
Examples of the tragedy of commons
- Grand banks fisheries - by the 90s the cod population was so low the fishing indutry collapsed (in Newfoundland)
- gluf of mexico dead zone - region of gulf of mexico can’t support living creatures, everyone on the mississippi adds pollutants to the water way
- bluefin tuna - overexploitation of bluefin tuna made lead to extinction as nations have ignored conservation
28
External migration
Moving to a new home in a different state, country or continent
29
factors affecting globalisation
- technology, systems, relations
- financial systems
- trade agreements
- transport and communication
- management and information
- security
30
Flows of capital
1/3 of financial investments are international transactions
> flow of global finance increased by 60% between 2002 and 2012
> financial flows are becoming more connected regionally
31
Flows of labour
Migrants are moving from countries with lower mean number of years of schooling to countries with higher mean numbers of years schooling
32
Focus of global governance
- civil conflict
- reductio of poverty
- trade and investment inequality
- human rights violations
- reduce environmental issues
- financial instability
33
Forced migration
A person has to migrate because of circumstances
34
Forms of globalisation
Economic - TNC growth
Social - impact of western culture, art, media sport etc
Political - western democracies and influence on poor
35
Free trade area
Eliminate international barriers, but maintained independent external barriers eg NAFTA
36
Full intergration
United States
37
G8
- 8 industrial nationals that foster a consensus on global issues like economic growth and crisis management, global secuirty, energy and terrorism
- france, germany, italy, japan, uk, japan, us, canada, russia
38
Global an security in an interdependent world
Impacts:
- human security
- military security
- environmental security
- cultural and psychological security
39
Global commons
Resource domains or areas that lie outside of the political reach of anyone nation state
40
Global governance
Attempts to regulate global systems and activities
41
Global systems
Any organisation, groupings or activities that link differnt parts of the world
42
Globalisation
A process by which national economies, societies and cultures have become increasingly integrated through global networks
43
Glocalisation
The production of a global good that is adapted to a local market
44
High seas climate
- ocean covers over 71% of earths surface
- redistribute 25% of earths global heat
- 26% of CO2 released into the atmosphere from 2002 -2001 was absorved by the ocean
- contribute to economic growth - economic growth is 1.5% greater for countries with an ocean
45
High seas global governance
United nations
- UN - oversea the laws
- UNEP - regional sea conventions
- regional fishery bodies
- international sea bead authority - regulates exportation and exploitation of sea beds
46
IMF
Acts as a regulator of financial flows and stabiliser of the system
- oversee international monetary system
- promotes exchange stability
- assist both developing and industrial countries
- has 182 member countries
47
Immigrant
A person whi is entering a country from another to take up new residence
48
Initiatives that have been set up
- WCO
- EU
- ensure ‘quality lables’ on products to increase security of trade
49
Internal migration
Moving to a new home within a state, country or continent
50
Invisible trade
Trade of services are exhcnaged eg tourism
51
Key trade blocs
- EU - single market
- European Free Trade Area (EFTA)
- North American Free trade agreement (NAFTA) = USA, Canada and Mexico
- Mercosur = customs union, Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay and Venezuela
- ASEAN = south east asia, free trade area
- SATA
- Pacific Alliance
52
KOF index of globalisation
Covers and measures economic, social and political dimensions of globalisation
53
Leakages
Loss of income from an economic system (profits sent back to their base country by transitional corporations)
54
Marketing
The process of promoting and selling products or services
55
Marshal McLuhan
Argued that similarities between places were greater than the differences between them
56
MINT
Mexico, Indonesia, Nigeria, Turkey - recently emerging economies
57
Movement of labour facts
> are increases in cross-border movements, but most migrants mover over short distances within the same region or neighbouring regions
> North America, Europe, Gulf - attract migrants furthest afield
> migrants - people with educational and financial means
>2005-2010 - 5 mill moved from south Asia to West Asia
58
Net-migration
The difference between the number of immigrants and emigrants in an area
59
NGO
Non-governmental organisation
60
OECD
- influences the global economy
| - help developing countries to find sustainable growth
61
Oil reserve distribution
- end of 2020 global reserves were 1650 billion barrels
- middle east holds 48% of total reserves
- south america has 20%
- largest reserve is in Saudi Arabia = 25% of worlds total
62
OPEC
- unify petroleum policies to ensure a fair capital
| - secure and stable prices for producers and consumers
63
Organisation for economic co-operation and development (OECD)
- established in 1961 to promote economic development and trade between the member countries who are committed to democracy and free market economy
- only have 14% of the proven oil reserves
64
Organisation of petroleum exporting countries (OPEC)
- set up in 1960 to co-ordinate pertoleum policies
- ensure stable prices and a fair return on capital to those investing in the industry
- only have 86% of the proven global oil reserves
65
Peace and security
- increased global interdependence has promoted distincentives to war especially among organisation for economic co-operation countries
- growth of global governace has increased the possibility or arms control and conflict managements
- intervention from HICs in conflicts in LICs where resources are at stake
66
Political globalisation
Uses the number of embassies and high commissions in a country, number of international organisations and number of UN peace missions
67
Preferentail trade
- lower but not eliminate barriers amoung members
68
Pressure on the atmosphere
- climate change - global surface temperatures have risen by 1.1% since late 19th century, more frequent extreme weather events
- limited impacts of climate treates - only 37 countries in kyoto protocol, passed paris agreement target, failed targets for most
69
Pressure on the high seas
- over fishing - annual average of 1.2 million tonnes
- ocean floor - exploiting minerals, Russia extends EEZ to 350 miles since 2002
- plastics - 8 million tonnes added every year, 15 trillion prieces of plastic pollutants in the water
70
Principle of common heritage
Some localities belong to all humanity and the resources there are available to everyones use and benefit
- includes taking into account future generations needs
71
Production
The making or manufacturing of raw material
72
Profit repatriation
Profit made by TNCs being taken back to their home country headquaters
73
Pull factors
Positive reasons to attract people to an area
74
Push factors
Negative reasons to leave
75
Refugess
A person who is residing outside the country of their origin due to fear of persecution
76
Remittance
Transfer of money made by foreign workers to family in their home country
77
Social globalisation categories
1) personal contacts
2) information flows
3) cultural proximity
78
Supply chain security
- mitigate the risks that are involved with moving products from one place to another
- physical security
- cyber security
- no single set of established supply chain security guidelines
- physical threats include theft, sabotage and terrorism
79
Trade
The exchange of capital, good and services between countries
80
Trading blocs
Groups of countries in specific regions that manage and promote trade activities
81
Trading community security issues
- supply chain security
- crime and anti terrorism
- food and bio-security
- fiscal
- anti smuggling
82
Tragedy of the commons
Describes how shared environmental resources are overused and eventually depleted
83
Types of flows
```
> flows of information
> flows of capital
> flows of products
> flows of services
> flows of labour
```
84
Un (security council)
- set up in 1945 with 193 countries
- ensure international peace and security
- takes lead in determining the existence of a threat to the peace of act of aggressions
- impose sanctions to maintain peace
- authorise military action
85
Unequal flows - benefits to origin
- returing migrants bring savings, skills and contacts
- developing countries benefit from remittance
- remitancess can boost economy
86
Unequal flows of people - benefit to host
- have enriched cultural diversity
- services to an ageing population are maintained
- pension gap filled
- job vacancies filled
- immigrants bring energy and innovation
- economic growth sustained
- unempolyment reduced
87
Unequal flows of people - problems to origin
- loss of highly trained people in areas of origin especially health workers
88
Unequal flows of people - problems to host
- low pay means employers ignore productivity, innovation and training
- face economic disadvantage
- unemployment may rise if no limit on incomers
- integration difficulties
- increase in pressure on services
- migrants may be exploited
89
Visible trade
Trade of goods are exchnaged becuase they can be couned weighed and given value
90
Voluntary migraiton
A person makes the decision to migrate
91
WCO
- promotes certainty, predictablity and security of the international movement of goods and people accompanying the goods
- set clear standards
- faccilitates easier interational trade
92
What are norms and laws
- norms - values, traditions and customs that govern individuals behavious in any particular society, some are unspoken and never written down
- laws - obligatory and normally protect the rights and interests of all who live under them
93
What is global governance
The emergance and the developing role of norms, laws and institutions in regulating and reproducing global syteems
94
World Bank
Provider of support for less developed countries and aims to reduce poverty
- promote economic development
- provide to the poorest wiht GNP per capita is less tha $865 a year
- financial resources by borowing on the international bond market
- 180 member countries
95
volume and pattern of trade
- volume = 8x increase between 1980-2008
- pattern = Nees catching up to Medcs, Ledcs slow growth but getting biiger
- removing abrriers to trade
- riase in fair trade
96
volume and pattern of investment
FDI = company spends money in another country to generate profit
- volume - rose from $400 billion 1996, to $1,500 billion in 2016
- pattern - used to be medcs to medcs, now medcs to nees and nees to lics
- ethical investments are being considered - USA tripled 2005 - 2006
97
UN growth and stability
- millennium development goals: reduce number in poverty, increase children in schools (NOW sustainable development)
- peace keeping missions: help end wars, help carry out peaceful elections
98
UN inequalities and injustices
- developed nations hold the post power in the UN: many issues affect African countries but no African country has a permanent seat at the UN security council
- UN has been ineffective: failed to protect srebrenica from Bosnian serbs
99
impact of globalisation - benefits
- integration: pool resources, understanding of different cultures
- development: improve education, further trade
- stability: interconnected countries, discourages conflict
- economic growth: profit from natural resources, improve living standards
100
impacts of globalisation - costs
- inequalities
- conflict
- injustice
- environment
101
unequal flows of people
- from few jobs to plenty
- escape wars, famine, persecution
- move for economic reasons
- easier for HICs - LICs
- remittances
- BENEFITS: economic growth, do jobs others can't / wont do
- PROBLEMS: 'brain drain' (adds inequality), conflict between locals and migrants, injustice - dangerous working conditions
102
unequal flows of money
- remittances, foreign aid, foreign direct investment, trade
- flow form HICs to LICs
- BENEFITS - FDI means cheap raw materials and low labour costs, improve living standards and infrastructure
- NEGATIVE:
- inequalities - dependency, force out local businesses
- Conflict - foreign aid can fund conflicts, conflict between foreign company and locals
- injustices - pressure on governments to pass laws to make a cheaper investment
103
unequal flows of ideas
- 1980s MEDCs privatised companies and cut government spending (neo-liberalism)
- created free trade, more development, less conflicts
- PROBLEMS:
- inequalities - concentrate wealth to a few
- conflict - LEDCs are threatened by decisions, MEDCs think they are justified
- injustice - justifies poor working conditions and environmental degradation
104
unequal flows of technology
- technology leads to rapid innovation
- help people all over the world
- PROBLEMS:
- inequalities - developed countries can afford the latest technology, advantageous to MEDCs over LEDCs
- conflicts and injustices - repressive governments in LEDCs, weapons technology from MEDCs (to stop protesting)
105
TNCs - spatial organisation
- create a global supply chain as different parts of the business are in different countries
- headquarters = big cities that are well connected
- R&D = same country as headquarters, highly educated
- regional R&D = in specific countries of sale
- factories LEDCS = low production cost
- some factories in MEDCs to avoid import taxes
106
TNCs - linkages
- mergers (2 companies become 1)
- acquisitions (1 company buys another)
- using subcontracts (TNCs use foreign companies to manufacture products without owning the businesses)
- FDIs
- vertical integration (company takes over other parts of the supply chain)
- horizontal integration (company merges without another at the same stage of production)
107
TNCs- production
- global supply chain = economies of scale
- primary industry = countries with natural resources
- secondary industry = low labour costs and cheap land
- tertiary industry = well educated population
- invest in weak labour and environmental regulations
108
TNCs - trading and marketing patterns
- intra firm trading - products made in one country of the same business 'sell' to another (30-50% of trading figures)
- TNCs investment leads to multiplier effect (jobs - money - local business - government)
- make it easier to trade as part of a global supply chain
- operate in different countries to have advantage of global marketing
- gain knowledge of local market (change products for culture)
- they create a globally recognised brand
