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LA Sx Final > Nasal Passages and Paranasal Sinuses in Horses > Flashcards

Nasal Passages and Paranasal Sinuses in Horses Flashcards

1
Q

What divides each nostril into dorsal and ventral cavities?

A

Alar fold

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2
Q

Dorsal blind end 10cm into the nare of a horse

A

Nasal diverticulum

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3
Q

What are nares supported by?

A

Alar cartilages

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4
Q

What divides the nasal passages into dorsal, middle, and ventral meatus?

A

Nasal conchae

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5
Q

Thin scrolls of cartilage and bone

A

Nasal conchae

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6
Q

The dorsal and ventral meatus are further divided into what compartments?

A

Rostral conchal bulla

Caudal conchal sinus

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7
Q

Where do most 2* infections d/t dental problems occur and why?

A

Maxillary sinus d/t molar roots

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8
Q

Which molar root projects to the rostral maxillary sinus?

A

M1

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9
Q

What sinuses communicate to form the conchofrontal sinus?

A

Dorsal conchal sinus and frontal sinus

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10
Q

All sinuses indirectly drain through this opening and into the nasal passage

A

Nasomaxillary opening

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11
Q

Communicates w/ventral conchal sinus over IO canal

A

Rostral maxillary sinus

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12
Q

Communicates freely w/concofrontal sinus

A

Caudal maxillary sinus

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13
Q

What is the opening between the caudal maxillary sinus and the concofrontal sinus called?

A

Fronto-maxillary opening

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14
Q

Communicates with the sphenopalatine

A

Caudal maxillary sinus

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15
Q

Hemorrhage in submucosa of endoturbinate

A

Progressive ethmoid hematoma

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16
Q

What age group is an ethmoid hematoma more common in?

A

~10yo

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17
Q

Are males or females more commonly affected by ethmoid hematomas?

A

Males

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18
Q

What is the most common cause of ethmoid hematomas?

A

Idiopathic

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19
Q

Mild, intermittent, unilaeteral epistaxis and facial swelling

A

Ethmoid hematoma

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20
Q

Dx method useful in patients w/extensife PEH, bilateral disease, or suspected sinus involvement

A

CT

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21
Q

What is the recurrence rate of an ethmoid hematoma?

A

40%

22
Q

How do you treat an ethmoid hematoma?

A

Intralesional 10% formalin injection q4wk

23
Q

When can you NOT use intralesional formalin to treat an ethmoid hematoma?

A

If cribiform plate is damaged (can cause brain damage)

24
Q

Treatment for large masses in the sinuses

A

Sinusotomy (bone flap or trephination)

25
Q

If you surgically remove an ethmoid hematoma (via bone flap), what must you have ready for the horse?

A

Blood transfusion - will bleed a lot

26
Q

What is the most common sinus disease?

A

Sinusitis

27
Q

What is 2* sinusitis caused by?

A

Dental disease, sinus cysts, neoplasia

28
Q

Fluid line on radiographs indicates what disease?

A

Sinusitis

29
Q

Unilateral, malodorous nasal discharge and inspissated pus

A

Empyema of conchal bulla

30
Q

How do you treat conchal bulla empyema?

A

Fenestrate bulla, lavage and drain, Nd:YAG laser

31
Q

Most common expansile mass in the sinuses that leads to distortion of other structures

A

Paranasal sinus cyst

32
Q

Causes deviation of the nasal septum

A

Paranasal sinus cyst

33
Q

What are uninfected paranasal sinus cysts filled with?

A

Yellow viscous fluid (like honey)

34
Q

Are paranasal sinus cysts more common in younger or older adult horses?

A

Young adults

35
Q

How do you treat a paranasal sinus cyst?

A

Sx excision + remove cyst lining

36
Q

What approach do you use for removal of a paranasal sinus cyst?

A

Fronto-nasal bone flap

37
Q

What is the most common neoplasia of the paranasal sinuses? Which sinus is most often affected?

A

SCC of caudal maxillary sinus

38
Q

Malodorous breath, swelling, and LN enlargement

A

SCC

39
Q

What will you see on CT of a maxillary sinus SCC?

A

Widespread bone destruction and a well defined mass

40
Q

What is the prognosis for SCC in the sinuses?

A

Poor

41
Q

What type of trephine is most often used?

A

Galt trephine

42
Q

Bone flap with limited access in young horses d/t tooth roots

A

Maxillary bone flap

43
Q

What are the landmarks for a maxillary bone flap?

A

Medial canthus of eye along facial crest

44
Q

Better access to the sinuse than a trephination hole

A

Bone flap

45
Q

Bone flap that is more versatile than the maxillary bone flap and provides direct access to conchofrontal and caudal maxillary sinuses

A

Frontonasal bone flap

46
Q

How can you gain access to the ventral conchal sinus and rostral maxillary sinus via frontonasal bone flap?

A

Fenestrate cadodorsal ventral concha

47
Q

How do you tell the difference between an osteotome and an elevator?

A

Ostotomes are vivalved

48
Q

What do you use to close a bone flap?

A

Skin staples

49
Q

What is the most important part of paranasal sinus surgery?

A

Drainage

50
Q

What post-sinus surgery infections are most common and how do you treat them?

A

Strep spp. tx w/penicillin and TMS

51
Q

What type of paranasal sinus surgery results in less bleeding

A

Standing

LA Sx Final (20 decks)

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