Nada Question For Note 1 And 2 Flashcards
intended to be rubbed, poured, sprinkled, sprayed on, introduced into, or otherwise applied to the human body for cleansing, beautifying, promoting attractiveness, or altering the appearance without affecting the body’s structure or function.
L
influence the biological function of the skin.
.
fastest-growing segment of the natural personal care industry.
.
testing to determine whether beneficial ingredients actually live up to a manufacturer’s claims is not mandatory.
.
not subject to review by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA).
.
manufacturer may not claim that these products penetrate beyond the skin’s surface layers or that they have drug like or therapeutic effects.
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no division between active ingredients and other ingredients is required; they are all listed together.
.
became a controversial nationalistic issue in which a product or ingredient was safe for distribution in one location but not in another.
.
To date, there is no agreement on the following :
.
Establishment of an agency with worldwide responsibility for the safety of ingredients and of their blends (finished products).
.
Agreement between countries or legislative units enforcing such rules globally and their modifications whenever newly developed information should require this.
.
Whether a product falls under the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) jurisdiction (control) as cosmetic product depends largely
.
To determine a product’s intended use, the FDA relies on the
.
Any enforcement actions against an adulterated or misbranded cosmetic product can by necessity be taken
.
are misleading if they fail to bear all the information required under the FDCA.
.
result from insufficient information for the consumer, for an improperly formed or filled container.
.
The FDA’s primary discovery tool is the
.
FDA also investigates
.
may bring a criminal suit against the company and its officials.
.
FDA regulations require products whose safety has not been confirmed to bear a .
.
PROHIBITED AND HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES
.
Bithionol
.
hexachlorophene
.
mercury
.
vinyl chloride (
.
chloroform
.
methylene chloride
.
chlorofluorocarbon
.
nitrosoamine
.
Cosmetics that contain color additives not covered by a regulation are
.
All foreign (that is, non- U.S.) drug manufacturing establishments should
.
does not inspect the production facilities of foreign OTC drug makers for compliance with current Good Manufacturing Practices (GMPs).
.
The primary purpose of ingredient labeling is the need to
.
The FDA regulations permit three different formats for the ingredient declaration:
.
Warning statements are required by regulation for
.
Warning statements must be
.
lot and batch codes are commonly added to the cosmetic product labeling to
.
that a cosmetic product represented for nonprescription, over the counter (OTC) drug, purposes will be held to the applicable OTC drug standard.
.
The top most layer of skin,
.
contains melanocytes,
cells produce a pigment called melanin.
.
from the squamous layer
are pushed up through two thin epidermal
layers; the stratum granulosum and the strat.
lucidum
.
the outermost visible
layer of the epidermis.
;
made up of 10 to 30 thin layers of these dead
cells.
.
takes nearly a month
for the…….. to be completely
replaced.
.
nuclei of the cells in the epidermis
and the collagen of the dermis.
.
In normal epidermis, the water content gets
less
.
particularly
important barrier to the control of moisture loss.
.
highly effective barrier against the
outside environment, being tough but flexible;
provided it is well hydrated
.
is the first barrier against invasion by
micro-organisms.
.
provides the next
level of defense.
.
composed of
corneocytes surrounded by a matrix of lipid-
enriched membranes.
.
are
filled with structural proteins (keratin filaments.
.
The matrix between corneocytes is composed
.
provides a barrier
to systemic water loss and impede (hinder) the
uptake of xenobiotics (foreign substances).
.
calcium
ions are passively lost as water evaporates
through the stratum corneum.
.
initiates a burst of lamellar body secretion,
thereby replenishing the stratum corneum
with lamellar membranes.
.
A second class of signaling molecules is comprised of
.
is 1 .5 to 4 mm.
.
organised in
bundles running horizontally through the
dermis
.
is responsible for the resilience
(flexibility) and elasticity of the skin.
L
are held together by
elastic fibres running through the dermis
(elastin).
.
Hyaluronic acid surrounds the
.
It attracts and binds hundreds
of times its weight in water (natural
moisturising ingredient).
.
This is
one reason why aging skin becomes less
resilient and supple (pliable).
.
Both collagen
and elastin fibres are made by
.
Most of the sweat produced by the body
comes from the
.
the deepest layer of the skin.
.
is missing where the skin is especially thin—the eyelids, nipples, genitals.
.
stores fat as an energy reserve.
.
The blood vessels, nerves, lymph vessels, and
hair follicles also cross through this layer.
.
Feels neither tight nor greasy.
.
Feels neither tight nor greasy.
.
Tight, irritable and flaky
.
develops fine lines around the eyes
.
Causes of dry skin
.
resulting in increasing
the rate of water loss (TEWL).
.
Rarely after the age of 35
.
Involves only the upper part of the body
.
Keratin and epidermal desmosomes (junction
attaching one cell to its neighbor) make skin a
.
are unfavorable to microbial growth.
.
makes keratin stiffer and less flexible,
leading to ‘tight’ feeling in the winter
.
hold more water vapour at higher T
.
acts as a
partial water barrier, helping to regulate the
amount of water in the skin
.
there is a gradual thinning of
male skin with age (1% per year).
.
related to the total collagen
content, which in both sexes falls with
increasing age, but at different rates.
.
but the
effect is more marked in women
.
Lack of estrogen slows
.
• Secretes an oily secretion into the hair follicle
near the surface of the skin.
.
are primarily found in
association with hair follicles but also occur in
hairless areas of the skin, except for the palms
of the hand and soles of the feet.
;
is a mixture of fat and the debris of dead
fat-producing cells.
.
Sebum may collect excessively as a result of:
.
is produced when the sebaceous gland
disintegrates.
.
Men produce more sebum than women
.
Glycerides Free fatty acids Wax esters Squalene (precursor for steroids) Cholesterol esters Cholesterol
.
increases at puberty up to
fivefold in men
;
Prolonged starvation
.
Prolonged starvation
.
Oestrogens
.
Vitamin-A derivatives such as isotretinoin
.
cyproterone
L
spironolactone
.
Testosterone
.
medroxyprogesterone
.
levonorgestrel
.
Phenothiazines
.
are found in almost every part of
the skin
.
forming tiny coiled tubes embedded in
the dermis or subcutaneous fat.
.
have fewer sweat glands, both eccrine and
apocrine
.
They are found particularly in the armpit and the
genital area.
.
They are found particularly in the armpit and the
genital area.
.
neomycin
.
zirconium
.
formaldehyde
.
aluminum salts.
.
hexachlorophene
.
salicylanilide
.
