N- upholding rev? Flashcards
What was his main legal change? When?
Civil Code of 1804- upholds revolutionary principle of a standardised system of justice; abolishes fedualism and promotes equality before the law; emphasised legality of bien nationaux land holders
When was The Concordat?
1801
What did the concordat do?
Separates church from the state
Const of 1799 upholding rev?
Some form of universal suffrage- every citizen of france over 21 (male) could vote i communal list
some form of separation of powers- laws could not be passed without legislature agreeing
Const of 1799 not upholding rev?
VERY diluted; only 1/10 of every man could move to communal list; 1/10 of communal list to departmental lists
limited checks on the consul’s power; consul’s power over senate membership
N’s influence on the senate
By 1814 there were 140 members of the senate, most of whom were N’s direct nominees
Plebicite re Constitution of 1799?Revolutionary?
7th Feb 1800 plebicite to ratify const
Encouragaing popular sovereignty BUT
Lucien doubled the total no of yes votes (real no was 1.5m)
How did N change the electoral system in 1801? Why?
Electors could only choose 600 richest men in each department- no real will; N relied on the property owners, and so knew they would support his regime
When was the tribunate abolished?
1808
How did electoral process arguably reflect revolutionary values?
N made sure that citizens witht he greatest political inflluence were property owners (esp re the election of life members to departmental colleges)
How could N deny Tribunate and legislative body power?
Use of senatus consultum
What was time span of original consulship?
10years
when was time span of consulship increased?
1802- became life consulship (Constitution of the Year X)
1804- became emperor (Constitution of 1804)
1802 Constitution AKA?
Constitution of the Year X
Analysis of increase in time span of consulship? Anecdote?
N reintroducing hereditary principle- in inaugnuration N took the crown fromt he Pope and put it on his own head
Constitution of Year X effect on power balance?
Increases N’s and the Senates’s, while decreasing the Tribunate and Legislature
Also purged the latter
How did N alter emperor plebicite?
Gov didnt poll the soldiers- added in half a million yes votes on their behalf
Propaganda re N?
Arc de Triomphe (commissioned in 1806)
La Roche sur Yon reborn as Napoloenville
1803 musee de Napoleon- all Italian artwork kept
News re Br’s victory at Trafalgar (1805) was released late so it was overshadowed by Fr victory at Austerlitz
paintings of N?
David’s Napoleon in his study
Gros’s 1804 Bonaparte Visiting the Victims fo the Plague at Jaff
What were bulletins?
They would speak about military success, put up in town halls around France; had an audience of 300k
N had ordered a print run of 40,000 in 1814;
what happened in 1811 re censorship
No paper allowed to print political news unless it had appeared in Le Moniteur first
When was Concordate with the pope? What is it an example of?
6th July 1801
N’s attempt at rapproachement and eradicating prior conflict of interests that rocked progressive governments
What did the Concordat do/say? (adhering to rev principles)
Idea of church serving the republic- limitations on clergy eg N would make appointments of the archbishops/bishops and could veto the Pope’s appointments
Bishops had to swear allegiance to the rev
Bishops couldnt leave dioceses without N’s permission- stopping absenteeism
Opposed recovery of the bien-nationaux
What revolutionary principles did the concordat /church changes involve?
Imperial catechism could be seen as a form of indoctrination- children have to say the same things everyay, and were taught to practically worship N (link to R’s CoSB)
Loss of clerical power came to his own centralised control (papal control went from church to the state)
What were the Organic Articles? When? Signficance
April 1902- a series of clauses laying out ecclesiastical law, no reference to the pope
How were N’s financial policy revolutionary?
More equitable land tax; more detailed and efficient land tax registers detailing those eligible to pay and ensuring that the amount payed was spread evenly
No tax priviledges
How wasnt N’s financial policy revolutionary?
Centralisation- limited freedom in the market/restriction of individual liberty (eg a new Direction for collecting taxes set up, central service fund set up to take in diffect taxes, central account office made in 1807 to audit State-fiannces and tax collectors/inspectors were sent out)- similar to tax farmers in AR France
Return of the gabelle salt tax in 1806
By 1813 25% gov revenue from indirect taxes
Execution of?
1804 Duc d’Enghien- revolutionary as preventing a return to the monarchy? (he was a member of the Bourbon royal fam)
What was the livret? When was it introduced?
1803- work permit and employment record; required to move around France and needed to get a job; had been something under the AR
N wanting meritocracy
He embodies the principle himself; emphasis on ‘careers open to talent’ rather than birth and he claimed ‘every private soldier (..) could earn the title of duke’
What was the Legion of Honor? When was it created?
Ie Imperial Nobility - basically a new nobility/imperial court
March 1808
Who was in the imperial nobility?
Privileges?
750/760 nobles accepted Imperial titles given to them by N
Titles ranged from ‘grand dignitaries’ to less dignitaries’
These court officials soon gained land, alongside 26 outstanding officials
Nobility were those who were the highest tax payers (among those 600 highest tax payers who could enter the electoral colleges) ; few common people
Privileges of imperial nobility?
If the recipient’s income was large enough, eg 200k for a Duke, the title was made hereditary
How many presents did N give out?
over 5000 presents of money to buy a house in Paris to army officers, government officials and minor members of the new nobility
How many titles did N give? Democraphics
3634 given; 58% to bourgeoise, 33% to old nobility, rest to lower classes
N’s attitude to education?
Theoretically believed in creating equality of opportunity and a meritocratic system- believed moral education could be provided
He allowed polytechnics and arts/sciences
How was N’s education policy not revolutionary?
Not women Lycees foccused on sons of notables and army officers- again N not making improvements out of revolutionary awareness but to create a loyal class of supporters
The Fundamental Law?
Introduced in 1802; lycees introduced and military ethos spread
Centralisation of schools?
Teachers had to take oath saying that they are loyal to N; N founded the Imperial Uni in 1808
N once famously said he could know what all students were doing at one time because of how centralised the system was
