N- upholding rev?

Question 1

What was his main legal change? When?

Answer 1

Civil Code of 1804- upholds revolutionary principle of a standardised system of justice; abolishes fedualism and promotes equality before the law; emphasised legality of bien nationaux land holders

Question 2

When was The Concordat?

Answer 2

1801

Question 3

What did the concordat do?

Answer 3

Separates church from the state

Question 4

Const of 1799 upholding rev?

Answer 4

Some form of universal suffrage- every citizen of france over 21 (male) could vote i communal list
some form of separation of powers- laws could not be passed without legislature agreeing

Question 5

Const of 1799 not upholding rev?

Answer 5

VERY diluted; only 1/10 of every man could move to communal list; 1/10 of communal list to departmental lists
limited checks on the consul’s power; consul’s power over senate membership

Question 6

N’s influence on the senate

Answer 6

By 1814 there were 140 members of the senate, most of whom were N’s direct nominees

Question 7

Plebicite re Constitution of 1799?Revolutionary?

Answer 7

7th Feb 1800 plebicite to ratify const
Encouragaing popular sovereignty BUT
Lucien doubled the total no of yes votes (real no was 1.5m)

Question 8

How did N change the electoral system in 1801? Why?

Answer 8

Electors could only choose 600 richest men in each department- no real will; N relied on the property owners, and so knew they would support his regime

Question 9

When was the tribunate abolished?

Answer 9

1808

Question 10

How did electoral process arguably reflect revolutionary values?

Answer 10

N made sure that citizens witht he greatest political inflluence were property owners (esp re the election of life members to departmental colleges)

Question 11

How could N deny Tribunate and legislative body power?

Answer 11

Use of senatus consultum

Question 12

What was time span of original consulship?

Answer 12

10years

Question 13

when was time span of consulship increased?

Answer 13

1802- became life consulship (Constitution of the Year X)

1804- became emperor (Constitution of 1804)

Question 14

1802 Constitution AKA?

Answer 14

Constitution of the Year X

Question 15

Analysis of increase in time span of consulship? Anecdote?

Answer 15

N reintroducing hereditary principle- in inaugnuration N took the crown fromt he Pope and put it on his own head

Question 16

Constitution of Year X effect on power balance?

Answer 16

Increases N’s and the Senates’s, while decreasing the Tribunate and Legislature
Also purged the latter

Question 17

How did N alter emperor plebicite?

Answer 17

Gov didnt poll the soldiers- added in half a million yes votes on their behalf

Question 18

Propaganda re N?

Answer 18

Arc de Triomphe (commissioned in 1806)
La Roche sur Yon reborn as Napoloenville
1803 musee de Napoleon- all Italian artwork kept
News re Br’s victory at Trafalgar (1805) was released late so it was overshadowed by Fr victory at Austerlitz

Question 19

paintings of N?

Answer 19

David’s Napoleon in his study

Gros’s 1804 Bonaparte Visiting the Victims fo the Plague at Jaff

Question 20

What were bulletins?

Answer 20

They would speak about military success, put up in town halls around France; had an audience of 300k
N had ordered a print run of 40,000 in 1814;

Question 21

what happened in 1811 re censorship

Answer 21

No paper allowed to print political news unless it had appeared in Le Moniteur first

Question 22

When was Concordate with the pope? What is it an example of?

Answer 22

6th July 1801

N’s attempt at rapproachement and eradicating prior conflict of interests that rocked progressive governments

Question 23

What did the Concordat do/say? (adhering to rev principles)

Answer 23

Idea of church serving the republic- limitations on clergy eg N would make appointments of the archbishops/bishops and could veto the Pope’s appointments
Bishops had to swear allegiance to the rev
Bishops couldnt leave dioceses without N’s permission- stopping absenteeism
Opposed recovery of the bien-nationaux

Question 24

What revolutionary principles did the concordat /church changes involve?

Answer 24

Imperial catechism could be seen as a form of indoctrination- children have to say the same things everyay, and were taught to practically worship N (link to R’s CoSB)
Loss of clerical power came to his own centralised control (papal control went from church to the state)

Question 25

What were the Organic Articles? When? Signficance

Answer 25

April 1902- a series of clauses laying out ecclesiastical law, no reference to the pope

Question 26

How were N’s financial policy revolutionary?

Answer 26

More equitable land tax; more detailed and efficient land tax registers detailing those eligible to pay and ensuring that the amount payed was spread evenly
No tax priviledges

Question 27

How wasnt N’s financial policy revolutionary?

Answer 27

Centralisation- limited freedom in the market/restriction of individual liberty (eg a new Direction for collecting taxes set up, central service fund set up to take in diffect taxes, central account office made in 1807 to audit State-fiannces and tax collectors/inspectors were sent out)- similar to tax farmers in AR France
Return of the gabelle salt tax in 1806
By 1813 25% gov revenue from indirect taxes

Question 28

Execution of?

Answer 28

1804 Duc d’Enghien- revolutionary as preventing a return to the monarchy? (he was a member of the Bourbon royal fam)

Question 29

What was the livret? When was it introduced?

Answer 29

1803- work permit and employment record; required to move around France and needed to get a job; had been something under the AR

Question 30

N wanting meritocracy

Answer 30

He embodies the principle himself; emphasis on ‘careers open to talent’ rather than birth and he claimed ‘every private soldier (..) could earn the title of duke’

Question 31

What was the Legion of Honor? When was it created?

Answer 31

Ie Imperial Nobility - basically a new nobility/imperial court
March 1808

Question 32

Who was in the imperial nobility?

Privileges?

Answer 32

750/760 nobles accepted Imperial titles given to them by N
Titles ranged from ‘grand dignitaries’ to less dignitaries’
These court officials soon gained land, alongside 26 outstanding officials
Nobility were those who were the highest tax payers (among those 600 highest tax payers who could enter the electoral colleges) ; few common people

Question 33

Privileges of imperial nobility?

Answer 33

If the recipient’s income was large enough, eg 200k for a Duke, the title was made hereditary

Question 34

How many presents did N give out?

Answer 34

over 5000 presents of money to buy a house in Paris to army officers, government officials and minor members of the new nobility

Question 35

How many titles did N give? Democraphics

Answer 35

3634 given; 58% to bourgeoise, 33% to old nobility, rest to lower classes

Question 36

N’s attitude to education?

Answer 36

Theoretically believed in creating equality of opportunity and a meritocratic system- believed moral education could be provided
He allowed polytechnics and arts/sciences

Question 37

How was N’s education policy not revolutionary?

Answer 37

Not women
Lycees foccused on sons of notables and army officers- again N not making improvements out of revolutionary awareness but to create a loyal class of supporters

Question 38

The Fundamental Law?

Answer 38

Introduced in 1802; lycees introduced and military ethos spread

Question 39

Centralisation of schools?

Answer 39

Teachers had to take oath saying that they are loyal to N; N founded the Imperial Uni in 1808
N once famously said he could know what all students were doing at one time because of how centralised the system was