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Microbiology 484 > Mycology > Flashcards

Mycology Flashcards

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1
Q

Dematiaceous organism that causes dermatophytosis?

A

Epidermophyton floccosum

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2
Q

Fungal organism that causes athletes foot?

A

Trichophyton mentagrophytes

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3
Q

Hair perforation test

A

Prepubital hair is cut into 1cm pieces and placed in 25 mL of sterile water.
Incubated for ~4 weeks and interpreted with lactophenol cotton blue

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4
Q

Endothrix hair infections

A

Fungal organism has the ability to penetrate the hair shaft

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5
Q

Exothrix hair infection

A

Fungal organism only seen on the surface of hair shaft

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6
Q

Fungal organism positive for endothrix infection

A

Trichophyton mentagrophytes

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7
Q

Fungal organism negative for endothrix infection

A

Trichophyton rubrum

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8
Q

Urease test

A

Performed the same way it is performed for bacteria cultures

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9
Q

Fungal species that is negative for urease

A

Trichophyton rubrum

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10
Q

Common characteristics of fungal organisms

A

All are considered heterotrophs, obtain nutrients by absorption through surrounding environments.
Cell walls are made up of carb chitin, all are eukaryotic.

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11
Q

Rice grain agar

A

Rice purchased @ grocery store, used to differentiate between Microsporum canis & Microsporum audoinii

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12
Q

Microsporum audouinii on rice grain agar

A

Grows poorly or not at all. Where the organism was inoculated will turn brown.

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13
Q

Microsporum canis on rice grain agar

A

Will show good growth and media will turn yellow from the pigment produced by the organism.

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14
Q

Hyaline

A

Nonpigmented.

Appear blue because of the lactophenol cotton blue stain

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15
Q

Dematiaceous

A

Dark pigmentation.

Colonies have melanin and appear dark green/black

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16
Q

Hortaea werneckii

A

Cause of tinea nigra

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17
Q

Malassezia furfur

A

Cause of pityriasis versicolor-folliculitis, catheter-associated sepsis, dandruff

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18
Q

Piedraia hortae

A

Cause of black peidra

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19
Q

Trichosporon spp.

A

Cause of white peidra (disseminated disease of immunocompromised patients with neutropenia)

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20
Q

Cottony morphology

A

High aerial hyphae or loose and course texture

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21
Q

Velvety morphology

A

Low aerial hyphae

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22
Q

Granular/powdery morphology

A

Flat, crumbly

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23
Q

Glaborous

A

Smooth or waxy morphology

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24
Q

Flat

A

Having no topography

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25
Q

Rugose

A

Hilly, veins radiate out from center

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26
Q

Umbonate

A

Circular depression or elevation in the center

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27
Q

Verrucose

A

Wrinkled, veins go in any direction throughout the colony

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28
Q

Structures in cell wall of fungal organisms

A

Mannoproteins, B-glucan (1,3 & 1,6), chitin, Phospholipid bilayer of cell membrane

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29
Q

Phialophora verrucosa

A

Conidiogenous cells, phaeoid, flask-shaped phialides with collarettes
Conidia is one-celled & occur in balls at tips of phialides

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30
Q

Fonsecaea pedrosoi

A

Primary one-cell conidia formedon sympodial conidiophores.

Primary conidia function as conidiogenous cells to form secondary one-celled conidia.

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31
Q

Fonsecaea compactum

A

Similar to F. pedrosoi but with more compact conidial heads

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32
Q

Cladophialophora carrionii

A

Erect conidiophores bearing branched chains of one-celled, brown blastoconidia. Conidium close to tip of conidiophore, termed shield cell

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33
Q

Chromoblastomycosis

A

Sclerotic bodies are seen in the tissue & leading cause is Fonsecaea pedrosoi

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34
Q

Phaeohyphomycosis

A

Mycelium are seen in the tissue & leading cause is cladophialophoria bantianai

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35
Q

Mycetoma

A

Granules are seen in the tissue & leading cause of white grain mycetoma is Acremonium

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36
Q

Sporotrichosis

A

Not noted with a characteristic structure in the tissue. Leading cause is Sporothrix schenckii

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37
Q

Other terms used to describe chromoblastomycosis

A

Verrucous dermatitis, sclerotic bodies, cauliflower lesions

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38
Q

Intraconazole

A

Administered orally or by IV - belongs to the Triazole group

Mode of action 14-a demethylase

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39
Q

Lactophenol cotton blue

A

Used as mounting fluid & stain.
Lactic acid acts as a clearing agent and a preservative for the organism
Phenol is a killing agent.
Cotton blue (aniline blue)

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40
Q

Gram stain

A

Most fungal organisms appear dark blue

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41
Q

Acid-fast stain

A

Used to differentiate eumycotic organisms

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42
Q

India Ink

A

Used for the identification of the capsule produced by Cryptococcus neoformans

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43
Q

Calcoluor white

A

Fluorescent stain that is absorbed by the chitin found in the cell wall of the fungal organism

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44
Q

Acitnomycotic mycetomas

A

Caused by bacterial organisms

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45
Q

Eumycotic mycetomas

A

Caused by fungal organisms

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46
Q

Organisms associated with actinomycotic mycetomas

A

Actinomadura, Nocardia, Streptomyces

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47
Q

Organisms associated with eumycotic infections

A

Pseudallesheria boydii, Rhinocladiella, Madurell, Exophiala jenselmei, Acremonium, Fusarium, Vurvaularia

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48
Q

Aspergillosis

A

Very rare fungal disease that is caused by Aspergilis species

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49
Q

Those @ risk for aspergilosis

A

Patients with hematological malignancies

50
Q

Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA)

A

Seen in patients with asthma or cystic fibrosis

Charcot-Leyden crystals may be present

51
Q

Invasive aspergillosis

A

Damages body tissue in patients who are immunocompromised

“fungus balls” are often seen

52
Q

Effective treatment against aspergillosis

A

Voriconazole

53
Q

Aspergillus flavus

A

Second most common cause of invasive aspergillosis. Can also cause sinusitis & nail infection.

54
Q

Aspergillus flavus morphology

A

Bright yellow-green colony.

either uniserate or biseriate phialides that cover most of the vesicle. Canidiophores are long and rough

55
Q

Aspergillus fumigatus

A

Most common cause of invasive aspergillosis, allergic aspergillosis, sinusitis. Can cause lung infection in immunocompromised patients.

56
Q

Aspergillus fumigatus microscopic morphology

A

Produces uniseriate phialides on the upper portion of the vesicle, conidia are round, and seen in chains, conidiophores are short/smooth

57
Q

Aspergillus nidulans

A

Cause infections of various organs in immunocompromised patients

58
Q

Aspergillus nidulans microscopic morphology

A

Biserate phialides are seen on the upper half of the vesicles. Conidiophores are short, smooth, and brown. Hulle cells and cleistothecium can be seen

59
Q

Aspergillus niger

A

Common cause of aspergilloma, can cause external ear canal infections & chronic otitis media. It can disseminate in immunocompromised patients

60
Q

Aspergillus niger morphology

A

Macro: appear white, but turn black with age
Micro: produces biseriate phialides around a large vesicle. Conidia are produced in chains and are brown. Conidiophores are long & smooth

61
Q

Aspergillus terreus

A

Causes infections throughout the body, can disseminate, intrinsically resistant to amphotericin B.

62
Q

Aspergillus terreus morphology

A

Microscopically produces biseriate phialides on the upper half of the vesicle, the conidia appear round & in chains. Conidiophores are short & smooth

63
Q

Aspergillus versicolor

A

common cause of nail infections. Rarely cause pulmonary infections

64
Q

Aspergillus versicolor morphology

A

Red exudate.
Biserate phialides that cover 1/2 to entire vesicle: conidia are round & in chains. Hulle cells maybe present. Conidiophores are long & smooth

65
Q

Zygomycetes macroscopic morphology

A

Aseptate

Fluffy white, gray or brown colonies that cover entire agar surface in 1-2 days

66
Q

Zygomycetes microscopic morphology

A

Broad, septate, ribbon-like hyphae with sporangia. Sporangia contain small sporangiospores.
Most produced rhizoids

67
Q

Patient population affected by Zygomycetes

A

Diabetics in ketoacidosis (organism likes acidic environments)

68
Q

Cuninghamella morphology

A

single sporangioles, rare rhizoids

69
Q

Lichthemia corymbifera complex morphology

A

Ability to grow at 52 degrees C. Wide hyphae & rhizoids are seen between sporangiophores. Sporangia are small & pear shaped

70
Q

Mucor morphology

A

Wide hyphae, sparsely spetate, no rhizoids, long sporangiophores, sporangia filled with round spores

71
Q

Rhizopus morphology

A

Wide hyphae, rhizoids directly under sporangiophores. Sporangia are large, round, dark

72
Q

Syncephalastrum morphology

A

Broad hyphae, short branched sproangiophores, tubular sporangia, rhizoid presnet

73
Q

Tease mount method

A

One drop of lactophenol cotton blue on a slide, remove small portion of the colony with a sterile loop & dissecting needle, carefully tease portion of colony into the drop of LPCB and coverslip. Read microscopically. NOT BEST METHOD FOR PRESERVATION

74
Q

Cellophane tape method

A

Use about 1.5 inch piece of clear cellophane tape, bend so sticky part of tape is out, firmly touch surface of fungal culture & gently pull away. Aerial hyphae will adhere to the tape, place on top of drop of LPCB & read microscopically.
Disadvantage: colony needs to be growing on plated media

75
Q

Sabourads media

A

Used for primary culturing of the specimen,

SDA with 15% NaCl is used in ID of dematiaceous fungi

76
Q

PDA media

A

primary culture media. Can stimulate conidia production

77
Q

IMA media

A

Inhibitory mold agar contains chlorampheniol or gentamicin to inhibit bacterial contamination. Often primary media

78
Q

BHI media

A

Used for fastidious fungal organisms specifically Histoplasma capsulatum & Blactomyces dermatitidis.
Antibiotics are added to inhibit bacterial NF

79
Q

Corn meal media

A

Used to differentiate the different species of Candida

80
Q

Mycosel media

A

Selective media used in the primary isolation of fungal organisms. Contains both chloramphenicol & cycloheximide to inhibit bacterial & fungal contaminates

81
Q

Dimorphic

A

Fungal organisms that have two distinct morphological forms. Mold @ room temp & yeast @ body temp

82
Q

Blastomyces dermatitidis macroscopic

A

Produces a downy white/beige colony @ 25 degrees and a creamy/granular white/beige @ 37

83
Q

Blastomyces derematitidis microscopic

A

25: produces aleuiospores that have single conidia on short stalks (lollipops)
37: produces a yeast cell that hwn budding, it appears to have a broad base

84
Q

Blastomyces dermatitidis clinical significance

A

Endemic to Mississippi, Ohio, & Missouri River Valleys. Inhaled into the lungs where it causes the primary infection, secondary infections occur in bones, skin, & disseminate

85
Q

Blastomyces dermatitidis other

A

Inhibited by cycloheximide. Differentiate from Chrysosporium and Scedosporium

86
Q

Coccidioides species macroscopic

A

25: waxy to felt white/gray. some colonies turn reddish or pink
37: No growth

87
Q

Coccidioides species microscopic

A

Both 25 & 37: athroconidia that are barrel shaped, smooth, thick walled, alternating disjuncture cells

88
Q

Coccidioides species clinical significance

A

Found in alkaline soil in San Joaquin valley (C. immitis)
C. posadasii found in desert of Mexico & south America.
Produces a range of disease from lung infecctions to systemic mycosis that can be fatal

89
Q

Coccidioides species other

A

Ability to grown in presence of cycloheximide.

90
Q

Histoplasma Capsulatum macroscopic

A

25: wooly, white/brown colony
37: creamy/waxy cream to brown colony

91
Q

Histoplasma capsulatum microscopic

A

25: macroconidia & microconidia considered aleuiospores. Macroconidia have single conidia that are spiny or tuberculated, produced on short stalks
37: yeast cell that when budding, appears to have a narrow base

92
Q

Histoplasma capsulatum clinical significance

A

Found in soil contaiminated by bird or bat droppings of the Mississipppi & Ohio River Valley, or seen worldwide.
Pulmonary infections, lung infections, systemic mycosis

93
Q

Histoplasma capsulatum other

A

Inhibited by Cycloheximide

94
Q

Paracoccidioides brasillensis macroscopic

A

25: glabrous to velvety, white/buff colony
37: creamy/waxy white to cream colony

95
Q

Paracoccidioides brasillensis microscopic

A

25: hyphae with chlamydospores
37: pear shaped yeast cells with multiple thin-necked round budding, “shipweels”

96
Q

Paracoccidioides brasillensis clinical signifance

A

Found in soil in Mexico, but most prevalent in South America (Brazil)
Lung infections but can disseminate

97
Q

Paracoccidioides brasillensis other

A

inhibited by cycloheximide

98
Q

Penicillium marneffei macro

A

25: flat, powdery to velvet, tab with blue green center and the reverse becomes red
37: soft white to tan yeast-like colony

99
Q

Penicillium marneffei micro

A

25: structures typical of the genus Penicillum
37: arthroconidial yeast like cells that are ellipsoidal that have prominent disjuncture between spores

100
Q

Penicillium marneffei clinical significance

A

Endemic to East & South East Asia.

Start as lung infection but can infect bone marrow & other organs in immunocompromised. Disseminates in HIV patients

101
Q

Caffic acid test

A

Detects phnoloxidase similar to bird seed agar.

102
Q

Caffic acid test positive

A

Cryptococcus neoformans

103
Q

Candida albicans

A

Usually normal flora of the GI tract, produces a germ tube, positive for both Beta-galactosamidase & I-proline aminopeptidase

104
Q

Candida glabrate

A

Usually normal flora, commonly isolated from fungal urinary tract infections

105
Q

Candida tropicalis

A

Often isolated from patients with leukemia

106
Q

Candida parasilosis

A

Causes endocarditis, otitis externa, nail infections

107
Q

Candida krusei

A

Colonies are spready on SCA, rare cause of endocarditis

108
Q

Candida dubliniensis

A

Often seen in oral candidiasis in HIV patients

109
Q

Germ tube test

A

In a 12x7b test tube, place 1 mL of fetal bovine or rabbit serum. Inoculate with yeast colonies & incubate at 37 degrees for no longer than 3 hrs. Read microscopically for the presence of a germ tube

110
Q

Dalmau method

A

Used to enhance the microscopic morphology of yeast. Suspected organism is inoculated on Cornmeal Tween 80 agar, cover slipped and observed microscopically after 3 days of incubation

111
Q

Assimilation

A

Detects the organisms ability to utilize carbs as it sole source of carbon by means of assimilation or ammonium sulfate, asparagine, peptone, & urine as source of nitrogen by assimilation. Interpretation; growth or no growth

112
Q

Fermentation

A

Ability of the fungal organism to utilize carbs by fermentation. Identified by the production of gas

113
Q

Urease

A

Detects the organism’s ability to produce the urease enzyme

114
Q

Rapid enzyme test for Candida albicans

A

Tests for presence of Beta-galactosamidase, detected by producing a blue fluorescence with woods lamp. I-proline aminopeptidase produce a red color.
Candida albicans only organism +

115
Q

Immunochromatographic membrane test

A

Utilizes the monoclonal antibodies LID3H8 and 16B1-F10
Candida albicans pos for both
Candida dubliniensis pos for one

116
Q

Candida albicans CHROMagar

A

light green

117
Q

Candida dubliniensis CHROMagar

A

dark green

118
Q

Candida tropicalis CHROMagar

A

Dark blue

119
Q

Candida kruzsei CHROMagar

A

Rose with white border

120
Q

Candida parapsiosis CHROMagar

A

white to pale pink

121
Q

candida glabrata CHROMagar

A

white to pink to violet

Microbiology 484 (15 decks)

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