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1 Microbiology Oral/Med > MUST KNOWS > Flashcards

MUST KNOWS Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Prokaryote reproduce through?

A

binary fission (asexual)

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2
Q

bacterial growth is?

A

1) bacteria growth occurs via binary fission
2) increase in mass
3) increase in number
4) growth is rapid

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3
Q

during what phase is binary fission in?

A

** PREPARATION in Lag phase
**HAPPENS HERE: Log phase has exponential growth
** Stationary has no growth
Death

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4
Q

In binary fission, the septum formation in called? Formed by?

A

divisome

*formed by Fts proteins

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5
Q

Name the 3 important historical people?

A

Anton van Leeuwenhoek
Louis Pasteur
Robert Koch

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6
Q

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

A
  • FIRST MICROBIOLOGIST (oral)
  • first to discribe bacteria using a microscope
  • MADE a microscope
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7
Q

What is terminal enzyme in fermentative pathway?

A

lactate dehydrogenase

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8
Q

What does lactate dehydrogenase do in biofilm?

A

lowers the pH by 2-3; this drop in pH causes the demineralization at tooth surface

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9
Q

Louis Pasteur

A
  • discovered living organisms have D isomers
  • discovered alcoholic fermentation
  • disproved spontaneous generation
  • developed vaccines for anthrax, cholera, rabies
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10
Q

Robert Koch

A
  • Kochs postulates
  • discovered that organisms were the cause of disease
  • made method to grow ISOLATED colonies
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11
Q

describe koch postulates?

A

approach to determine which microorganisms causes disease

1) need infeted animal
2) must be isolated
3) same outcome in another aniamal
4) must be isolated again

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12
Q

define Quorum Sensing

A

process by which cells are able to detect the accumulation of a released signal and then change their behavior when the signal concentration exceeds a threshold level

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13
Q

What does Quorum Sensing allow cells to do?

A

survey their environment for cells of their own kind in order to SENSE POPULATIOn SIZE

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14
Q

What is a common quorum sensing inducer?

A

AHL

Acyl homoserine lactone

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15
Q

Quorum Sensing can sometimes lead to production of ?

A

virulence factors

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16
Q

How does AHL work?

A

1) cross membrane and boundby LuxR
2) AHL/LuxR complex binds to DNA regulatory region and activated transcription of QS genes
3) expression of lux-ligke genes results in wide range of activities like light production, virulence, motility, secretion

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17
Q

peptidoglycan is found in?

A

cell wall of bacteria

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18
Q

cell wall components of G+

A

peptidoglycan and teichois acid

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19
Q

cell wall components of G-

A

peptidoglycan and an outer membrane

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20
Q

peptidoglycan is found deeper in G- or G+ cell walls?

A

G- (because it has an outer membrane!!! IT IS A THINER layer as well)

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21
Q

peptidoglycan consists of? Linked by?

A

NAG and NAM (N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid)

**linked by beta 1-4 glycosidic covalent bond

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22
Q

what is an enzyme our body produces that destroys peptidoglycan?

A

lysozyme

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23
Q

Transpeptidation concludes the synthesis of?

A

peptidoglycan

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24
Q

Vancomycin treats G+ infections by?

What about G-?

A

binding to the D-alanyl-D-alanine part of the PENTAPEPTIDE

  • INACTIVE against G-
  • obtained from streptomycess orientalis
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25
Q

What does penicillin do?

A

prevents cross-linkage of cell wall peptidoglycan

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26
Q

lysozyme targets?

A

beta 1-4 glycosidic covalent bond between NAM and NAG in peptidoglycan

27
Q

Why would Vancomycin prevents transpaptidation?

A

it binds to the pantapeptide before the pentapeptide can bind to the tetrapeptide

28
Q

Acid fast bacteria contain _____ acid layer where?

A

mycolic acid layer EXTERIOR to peptidoglycan, called the mycobacteria outer membrane

29
Q

In addition to peptidoglycan, G- bacteria’s outer membrane contains?

A

LPS (lipopolysaccharide)

30
Q

penicillin is more affective against G- or G+? Why?

A

G+

* bc G+ has thicker peptidoglycan

31
Q

What bacteria controls S. mutans participation in biofilm participation?

A

Streptococcus salvarius

32
Q

Streptococcus salvarius controls S. mutans how?

A

through production of FRUCTANASE

33
Q

tooth decay is caused by what two bacteria?

A

streptococci sobrinus

streptococci mutans

34
Q

dental plaque is a type of?

A

biofilm

35
Q

biofilm is spread or started by?

A

planktonic bacteria that migrate

36
Q

is the majority of a biofilm cells?

A

NO! it is EXTRACELLULAR

37
Q

many dental procedures lead to?

A

bacteremia; entry of streptococcus mutens into bloodstream

38
Q

What does S. mutans produce that is the cause of carries?

A

lactate dehydrogenase

39
Q

tooth decay is promoted by diets?

A

high in sucrose

40
Q

Mycobacteria vs mycoplasm

A
  • *Mycobacteria= acid fast, mycolic acid
  • *Mycoplasm= no cell wall, DO have sterols in membrane
  • ***BOTH are major pathogens to humans and require special antibiotics (penicillin will NOT work)
41
Q

penicillin vs bacitracin vs vancomysin inhibition

A
  • -penicillin=blocks crossbridge formation bc transpeptedase enzyme binds to it
  • -bacitracin= blocks bactoprenol transport of peptidoglycine unit
    • Vancomysin= blocks pentapeptide from becoming tetrapeptide (so transpeptidation is never complete)
42
Q

categories of antibiotics are based on?

A

what they inhibit in the bacteria cell; either protein, nucleic acid or peptidoglycan synthsis

43
Q

describe Beta-lactam antibiotics? Examples?

A

have beta lactum ring in structure, focus on penicillin binding proteins that are involved in peptidoglycan synthesis
**inhibit cell wall synthsis by BLOCKING transpeptedase enzyme
Ex: transpepidase an carboxypeptidase

44
Q

penicillin is the founding member to what group of antibiotics? G vs V?

A

Penicillium chrysogenum

  • inhibit cell wall synthsis
  • Penicillin G is inactivated by gastirc acid so it is used intravenously BUT penicillin V is more resistant to acid and is an oral drug
45
Q

Cephalosporin drug

A

another B-lactam antibiotic but have a wider antibacterial spectrum than penicillins

46
Q

What is the link between NAM/NAG vs NAM/NAM

A
  • NAM/NAG= beta 1,4 glycosidic covalent bond

* NAM/NAM= crossbridge between different layers

47
Q

biomes in the gut are involved in?

A

heath, personality, chronic inflammation, behavior, immune diseases

48
Q

what is one unit of peptidoglycan?

A

1 NAM
1 NAG
1 peptide
*all in cytoplasm

49
Q

what does bactophrenal do?

A

flips the unit of peptidoglycan from inside the cytosol to outside in the cell wall

50
Q

Compare G+ and G-

A
  • *G+ has more peptidoglycan and (lipo)teichoic acid

* *G- has less peptodoglycan, outermember, LPS, periplasmic space

51
Q

Do broad spectrum antibiotics (specifically ones that target protein synthesis or DNA synthesis) will have a big impact on?

A

gut microbiome for a short period of time

52
Q

Name antibiotics that target nucleic acid synthesis

A
  • quinolones

- rifampin and rifabutin (produced from streptomyces)

53
Q

tetracyclines causes what in dentistry?

A

perma nent tooth staining (mainly ins kids)

54
Q

Name antibiotics that target cell wall synthesis

A

vancomycin (streptomycess orientalis)

bacitracin (Bacillus licheniformis)

55
Q

In host parasite interactions, what is the M protein?

A

an attachment factor

56
Q

acyl homoserine lactone… he said this twice in office. its has something to do with?

A

quorum sensing

57
Q

Outer, middle and inner portions of LPS?

A

G-

  • outer= are “O” specific
  • middle=core polysaccarhides (glucose, galactose, NAG)
  • inner= lacjs “O” secific, but has LIPID A which is the TOXIC part
58
Q

fimbrae vs pili

A
  • fimbrae= short
  • pili= long, made of pilin protein
  • both involved in conjugation
59
Q

glucosyl transferase is found where? does what?

A

found in capsule/slime layer

*converts sucrose to glucose or fructose *needed to cause caries

60
Q

what is an endospore?

A

highly resistant differentiated bacterial cell produced by GRAM POSITIVE bacteria

  • layers: exosporium, coat, cortex, core wall
  • produce small acid-soluble proteins for protection
  • dipicolinic acid
61
Q

what are thegenus/species for aerobic and anarobic endospore formined bacteria?

A 
aerobic= Bacillis species
anaerobic= clostridium species
62
Q

genetic exchange through what 3 mechanisms?

A

conjugation, transformation, transduction

63
Q

conjuation vs transduction vs transformation

A
  • -conjugation=free plasmid moves from donor to recipient via a pilus
  • -transformation= release of DNA fragments from dead donor cell, DNA enters recipient
  • -transduction= transducing phage contains DNA and leaves dead donor, phage interacts with recipient

1 Microbiology Oral/Med (26 decks)

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