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1 Microbiology Oral/Med > Introduction Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Introduction Lecture 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Microbiology is the study of single cell organisms such as?

A

bacteria, archaea, fungi, parasites, viruses

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2
Q

single celled organisms reproduce?

A

independently and/or in hosts

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3
Q

what do we study within microbiology?

A

microorganisms as cells, foundationof all biological sciences, thir natural environments, extent of microbial life, impact of on humans

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4
Q

microbiology has two branches of inquiry?

A

1) understand basic processes of microbes (excellent models for understanding cellular processes in unicellular and multi-cellular organisms)
2) how to apply that understanding to benefit of humans (medicine, agriculture, industry)

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5
Q

microbial systematics

A

classification and nomenclature of microbes

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6
Q

microbial physiology

A

nutrition and metabolism

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7
Q

microbial biochemistry

A

enzymes and chemical reactions in cells

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8
Q

microbial genetics

A

genes, heredity and genetic variation

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9
Q

molecular biology

A

DNA to RNA to Protein

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10
Q

virology

A

study of viruses

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11
Q

genomics

A

genome sequencing and comparative analysis

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12
Q

microbial ecology

A

diversity and activity in natural habitats

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13
Q

medical microbiology

A

study of microbial diseases

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14
Q

microbial disease subdiscipline of medical microbiology

A
  • study of infectious disease
  • many pathogenic organisms produce several outcomes in disease
  • some infectious diseases are caused by organisms coming from exogenous microbial sources (from outside the body)
  • other infectious diseases are caused by organisms from an endogenous microbial source (already part of the microbial flora)
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15
Q

immunology subdiscipline of medical microbiology

A
  • innate and adaptive immune systems that control microbial infections
  • immune responses to both normal flora and exogenous microbes
  • exuberant immune responses to the microbe sometimes causes the disease outcomes AND sometimes a disease NOT associated with the original infection
  • most pathogens actively evade the immune response in some way
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16
Q

diagnostic microbiology subdiscipline of medical microbiology

A
  • technology for detection and diagnosis of disease causing organism
  • identification of chemotherapeutic agents for treatment (antimicrobials)
  • measurement of immune responses to the disease causing organism- sometimes this is the only way to know if an organism has infected a person
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17
Q

why is microbiology in a dental curriculum?

A

there are ~600 species of bacteria that could reside in the human oral cavity (and 1 archaea species)

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18
Q

what are caries? caused by? increased when/why?

A

disease where cavitites develop on surface of the tooth

  • caused by streptococcus mutans and streptococcus sobrinus
  • drastic increase around 1850 with revolution and new largely sugary diets
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19
Q

what is periodontitis? caused by?

A

chronic inflammation at the gingiva and bone destruction around the tooth
*caused by porphyromonas gingivalis, fusobacterium nucleatum, and actinomyecetes actinomyeticomitans

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20
Q

what is the 6th most prevalent heath condition in the world and one of the most ancient diseases of mankind?

A

periodontitis (found in mummies in pyramids)

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21
Q

what is oral thrush? caused? associated with?

A

inflammation in the mouth caused by the overgrowth of fungus Candida albicans (which is normal in the oral cavity but has overgrowth and response issue)
*associated with immune deficiencies

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22
Q

what is endodontits? caused by?

A

inflammation at the root of the tooth

*caused by Porphyromonas endodontalis, and Enterococcus faecalis

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23
Q

what is Kaposi’s Sarcoma? caused by?

A

cancer at the endothelium of mouth (can be on skin and other mucosal surfaces); sometimes caused by a combination of infection with Human Herpes Virus 8 and immune deficiency

24
Q

Lymphoma of head and neck? caused?

A

caused by Epstein Barr Virus

*this virus infects over 90% of all humans; however, in some people it leads to lymphomas

25
Q

what is oral squamous cell carcinoma?

A

cancer at epithelium of mouth caused by Human Papilloma virus (HPV)
*also caused cervical cancer

26
Q

Pneumonia? caused by?

A

lung infection caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae

27
Q

Oral Absesses? caused by?

A

deep tissue infection caused by Stephylococcus aureus (epithelia)

28
Q

Tuberculosis? caused by?

A

lung infection caused by bacteria called Mycobacterium tuberculosis (2 billion people affected)

29
Q

main cause of death from 1900 to today?

A 
1990= 30% of deaths worldwide occured in children due to infectious diseases
2017= heart disease, diabetes, stroke, alzheimer's, suicide
30
Q

the greatest achievemnt of microbiology was the dramatic decrease in mortality from infectious diseases due to?

A

better sanitation, better nutrition, antibiotics, and vaccines

31
Q

microorganisms

A

are central to the biosphere, nothing we can do to avoid them

32
Q

microorganisms in or on our body outnumber our own cells by? bacteriophages outnumer microorganisms?

A
  • *micro: human =at least 3:1

* *bacteriophages: mirco = 10:1

33
Q

bacteriophages?

A

viruses that infect the microorganisms of body

34
Q

endocymbiosis example

A

all of our cells have mitochondria which IS a bacteria that cannot survive without human cell or vice versa

35
Q

two types of microorganisms? our cells are

A

prokaryotic and eukaryotic

*we have Eukaryotic

36
Q

4 classes of macromolecules in EVERY cell including microbial cells? examples

A

1) proteins -composed of amino acids (lipoproteins, glycoproteins)
2) nucleic acids -composed of nucleoties (RNA and DAN)
3) lipids- composed of fatty acids (phospholipids)
4) polysaccharides- composed of sugars (glucan and fructan)

37
Q

5 key bacterial structures?

A

1) cytoplasmic cell membrane
2) cytoplasm
3) nucleoid
4) ribosomes
5) cell wall (not the same as membrane)

38
Q

cytoplasmic cell membrane

A
  • barrier that separates the inside of the cell from the outsides and has transport
  • contains no steroids
  • responsible for electron transport and energy production
  • contains transport proteins, enzymes, secretion devices and shape determining proteins
39
Q

cytoplasm

A
  • fluid that fills cells for most of the metabolic an d reproductive events
  • contains the chromosome, mRNA, ribosomes, proteins, metabolites
40
Q

neucleoid

A

non-membrane bound area with single double stranded circular DNA chromosome

41
Q

ribosomes

A

30S + 50S subunits form a 70S ribosome

*“machinary” for protain synthesis and cell growth

42
Q

cell wall

A
  • present in nearly all microbes, confers structural strength
  • contains peptidoglycan in bacteria
  • archaea contain psuedoglycans
  • yeast often contain glucans
  • mycoplasma bacteria are devoid of cell wall (so they need to be in a safe environment to live, animal)
  • gram negative bacteria have a cell wall surrounded by an outer membrane
43
Q

yeast is eukaryotic or prokaryotic?

A

Eukaryota

44
Q

mycoplasma bacteria are devoid of?

A

cell walls! so they need to be in a safe environment to live, animal

45
Q

3 most important microbiologists?

A

1) Anton ven Leeuwenhoek
2) Louis Pasteur
3) Robert Koch

46
Q

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

A

first microbiologist! first to describe bacteria using a microscope; called them ‘little animals’
*thought they grew out of nothing from spontaneous generation

47
Q

the field of microbiology was unable to develop until?

A

Anton van Leeuwenhoek constructed microscopes that allowed scientists to see organisms too small to be seen with the naked eye

48
Q

the science of mircobiology did not exist until the invention of?

A

the microscope that can see bacterial cells

49
Q

understanding cellular structures of microbes did not exist until the invention of?

A

electron microscope

50
Q

Louis Pasteur

A
  • discovered that living organisms discriminate between optical isomers
  • discovered that alcoholic fermintation was a biologically mediated process (originally thought to be pureply chemical)
  • disproved theory of spontaneous generation by Anton van Leeuwenhoek which led to the development of methods for controlling the growth of microorganisms =PASTEURIZATION
  • developed vaccines for anthrac, fowl cholera, and rabies
51
Q

living organisms can take what optical isomer?

A

take the D but not the L

52
Q

alcoholic fermentation is mediated how?

A

biologically

53
Q

spontaneous generation

A
  • hypothesis that living organisms can originate from nonliving matter.
  • Pasteur disproved this idea through a famous experiment that showed that a sterile media could be contaminated with and grow bacteria only if the sterile media is exposed to air that contains bacteria
54
Q

spontaneous generation

A
  • hypothesis that living organisms can originate from nonliving matter.
  • Pasteur disproved this idea through a famous experiment that showed that a sterile media could be contaminated with and grow bacteria only if the sterile media is exposed to air that contains bacteria
55
Q

Robert Koch

A
  • Discovered that microorganisms were the cause of the disease called Anthrax.
  • On the evening of March 24, 1882, Robert Koch announced the infectious cause of tuberculosis to a crowded room at the Berlin Physiological Society
  • Discovered the bacterial colony
  • Developed method to grow isolated coloniesof bacteria
  • Developed the scientific method to prove that a suspected microorganism causes a disease: Koch’s postulates
56
Q

define KOCH’s Postulates

A

an approach that Koch developed to determine which microorganism causes a disease

57
Q

describe steps of KOCH’s Postulates

A

1) suspected pathogen must be present in ALL cases of the disease and absent from heathy animals –Microscopy & staining
2) the suspected pathogen must be grown in pure culture –laboratory sultures
3) cells from a pure culture of the suspected pathogen must cause disease in a heathy animal –experimental animals
4) the suspected pathogen must be reisolated and shown to be the same as the original –laboratory reisolation & culture

1 Microbiology Oral/Med (26 decks)

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