Introduction Lecture 1

Question 1

Microbiology is the study of single cell organisms such as?

Answer 1

bacteria, archaea, fungi, parasites, viruses

Question 2

single celled organisms reproduce?

Answer 2

independently and/or in hosts

Question 3

what do we study within microbiology?

Answer 3

microorganisms as cells, foundationof all biological sciences, thir natural environments, extent of microbial life, impact of on humans

Question 4

microbiology has two branches of inquiry?

Answer 4

1) understand basic processes of microbes (excellent models for understanding cellular processes in unicellular and multi-cellular organisms)
2) how to apply that understanding to benefit of humans (medicine, agriculture, industry)

Question 5

microbial systematics

Answer 5

classification and nomenclature of microbes

Question 6

microbial physiology

Answer 6

nutrition and metabolism

Question 7

microbial biochemistry

Answer 7

enzymes and chemical reactions in cells

Question 8

microbial genetics

Answer 8

genes, heredity and genetic variation

Question 9

molecular biology

Answer 9

DNA to RNA to Protein

Question 10

virology

Answer 10

study of viruses

Question 11

genomics

Answer 11

genome sequencing and comparative analysis

Question 12

microbial ecology

Answer 12

diversity and activity in natural habitats

Question 13

medical microbiology

Answer 13

study of microbial diseases

Question 14

microbial disease subdiscipline of medical microbiology

Answer 14

• study of infectious disease
• many pathogenic organisms produce several outcomes in disease
• some infectious diseases are caused by organisms coming from exogenous microbial sources (from outside the body)
• other infectious diseases are caused by organisms from an endogenous microbial source (already part of the microbial flora)

Question 15

immunology subdiscipline of medical microbiology

Answer 15

• innate and adaptive immune systems that control microbial infections
• immune responses to both normal flora and exogenous microbes
• exuberant immune responses to the microbe sometimes causes the disease outcomes AND sometimes a disease NOT associated with the original infection
• most pathogens actively evade the immune response in some way

Question 16

diagnostic microbiology subdiscipline of medical microbiology

Answer 16

• technology for detection and diagnosis of disease causing organism
• identification of chemotherapeutic agents for treatment (antimicrobials)
• measurement of immune responses to the disease causing organism- sometimes this is the only way to know if an organism has infected a person

Question 17

why is microbiology in a dental curriculum?

Answer 17

there are ~600 species of bacteria that could reside in the human oral cavity (and 1 archaea species)

Question 18

what are caries? caused by? increased when/why?

Answer 18

disease where cavitites develop on surface of the tooth

• caused by streptococcus mutans and streptococcus sobrinus
• drastic increase around 1850 with revolution and new largely sugary diets

Question 19

what is periodontitis? caused by?

Answer 19

chronic inflammation at the gingiva and bone destruction around the tooth
*caused by porphyromonas gingivalis, fusobacterium nucleatum, and actinomyecetes actinomyeticomitans

Question 20

what is the 6th most prevalent heath condition in the world and one of the most ancient diseases of mankind?

Answer 20

periodontitis (found in mummies in pyramids)

Question 21

what is oral thrush? caused? associated with?

Answer 21

inflammation in the mouth caused by the overgrowth of fungus Candida albicans (which is normal in the oral cavity but has overgrowth and response issue)
*associated with immune deficiencies

Question 22

what is endodontits? caused by?

Answer 22

inflammation at the root of the tooth

*caused by Porphyromonas endodontalis, and Enterococcus faecalis

Question 23

what is Kaposi’s Sarcoma? caused by?

Answer 23

cancer at the endothelium of mouth (can be on skin and other mucosal surfaces); sometimes caused by a combination of infection with Human Herpes Virus 8 and immune deficiency

Question 24

Lymphoma of head and neck? caused?

Answer 24

caused by Epstein Barr Virus

*this virus infects over 90% of all humans; however, in some people it leads to lymphomas

Question 25

what is oral squamous cell carcinoma?

Answer 25

cancer at epithelium of mouth caused by Human Papilloma virus (HPV) *also caused cervical cancer

Question 26

Pneumonia? caused by?

Answer 26

lung infection caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae

Question 27

Oral Absesses? caused by?

Answer 27

deep tissue infection caused by Stephylococcus aureus (epithelia)

Question 28

Tuberculosis? caused by?

Answer 28

lung infection caused by bacteria called Mycobacterium tuberculosis (2 billion people affected)

Question 29

main cause of death from 1900 to today?

Answer 29

``` 1990= 30% of deaths worldwide occured in children due to infectious diseases 2017= heart disease, diabetes, stroke, alzheimer's, suicide ```

Question 30

the greatest achievemnt of microbiology was the dramatic decrease in mortality from infectious diseases due to?

Answer 30

better sanitation, better nutrition, antibiotics, and vaccines

Question 31

microorganisms

Answer 31

are central to the biosphere, nothing we can do to avoid them

Question 32

microorganisms in or on our body outnumber our own cells by? bacteriophages outnumer microorganisms?

Answer 32

* *micro: human =at least 3:1 | * *bacteriophages: mirco = 10:1

Question 33

bacteriophages?

Answer 33

viruses that infect the microorganisms of body

Question 34

endocymbiosis example

Answer 34

all of our cells have mitochondria which IS a bacteria that cannot survive without human cell or vice versa

Question 35

two types of microorganisms? our cells are

Answer 35

prokaryotic and eukaryotic | *we have Eukaryotic

Question 36

4 classes of macromolecules in EVERY cell including microbial cells? examples

Answer 36

1) proteins -composed of amino acids (lipoproteins, glycoproteins) 2) nucleic acids -composed of nucleoties (RNA and DAN) 3) lipids- composed of fatty acids (phospholipids) 4) polysaccharides- composed of sugars (glucan and fructan)

Question 37

5 key bacterial structures?

Answer 37

1) cytoplasmic cell membrane 2) cytoplasm 3) nucleoid 4) ribosomes 5) cell wall (not the same as membrane)

Question 38

cytoplasmic cell membrane

Answer 38

* barrier that separates the inside of the cell from the outsides and has transport * contains no steroids * responsible for electron transport and energy production * contains transport proteins, enzymes, secretion devices and shape determining proteins

Question 39

cytoplasm

Answer 39

* fluid that fills cells for most of the metabolic an d reproductive events * contains the chromosome, mRNA, ribosomes, proteins, metabolites

Question 40

neucleoid

Answer 40

non-membrane bound area with single double stranded circular DNA chromosome

Question 41

ribosomes

Answer 41

30S + 50S subunits form a 70S ribosome | *"machinary" for protain synthesis and cell growth

Question 42

cell wall

Answer 42

* present in nearly all microbes, confers structural strength * contains peptidoglycan in bacteria * archaea contain psuedoglycans * yeast often contain glucans * mycoplasma bacteria are devoid of cell wall (so they need to be in a safe environment to live, animal) * gram negative bacteria have a cell wall surrounded by an outer membrane

Question 43

yeast is eukaryotic or prokaryotic?

Answer 43

Eukaryota

Question 44

mycoplasma bacteria are devoid of?

Answer 44

cell walls! so they need to be in a safe environment to live, animal

Question 45

3 most important microbiologists?

Answer 45

1) Anton ven Leeuwenhoek 2) Louis Pasteur 3) Robert Koch

Question 46

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

Answer 46

first microbiologist! first to describe bacteria using a microscope; called them 'little animals' *thought they grew out of nothing from spontaneous generation

Question 47

the field of microbiology was unable to develop until?

Answer 47

Anton van Leeuwenhoek constructed microscopes that allowed scientists to see organisms too small to be seen with the naked eye

Question 48

the science of mircobiology did not exist until the invention of?

Answer 48

the microscope that can see bacterial cells

Question 49

understanding cellular structures of microbes did not exist until the invention of?

Answer 49

electron microscope

Question 50

Louis Pasteur

Answer 50

* discovered that living organisms discriminate between optical isomers * discovered that alcoholic fermintation was a biologically mediated process (originally thought to be pureply chemical) * disproved theory of spontaneous generation by Anton van Leeuwenhoek which led to the development of methods for controlling the growth of microorganisms =PASTEURIZATION * developed vaccines for anthrac, fowl cholera, and rabies

Question 51

living organisms can take what optical isomer?

Answer 51

take the D but not the L

Question 52

alcoholic fermentation is mediated how?

Answer 52

biologically

Question 53

spontaneous generation

Answer 53

* hypothesis that living organisms can originate from nonliving matter. * Pasteur disproved this idea through a famous experiment that showed that a sterile media could be contaminated with and grow bacteria only if the sterile media is exposed to air that contains bacteria

Question 54

spontaneous generation

Answer 54

* hypothesis that living organisms can originate from nonliving matter. * Pasteur disproved this idea through a famous experiment that showed that a sterile media could be contaminated with and grow bacteria only if the sterile media is exposed to air that contains bacteria

Question 55

Robert Koch

Answer 55

* Discovered that microorganisms were the cause of the disease called Anthrax. * On the evening of March 24, 1882, Robert Koch announced the infectious cause of tuberculosis to a crowded room at the Berlin Physiological Society * Discovered the bacterial colony * Developed method to grow isolated coloniesof bacteria * Developed the scientific method to prove that a suspected microorganism causes a disease: Koch's postulates

Question 56

define KOCH’s Postulates

Answer 56

an approach that Koch developed to determine which microorganism causes a disease

Question 57

describe steps of KOCH’s Postulates

Answer 57

1) suspected pathogen must be present in ALL cases of the disease and absent from heathy animals --Microscopy & staining 2) the suspected pathogen must be grown in pure culture --laboratory sultures 3) cells from a pure culture of the suspected pathogen must cause disease in a heathy animal --experimental animals 4) the suspected pathogen must be reisolated and shown to be the same as the original --laboratory reisolation & culture