Microbiome 8.1

Question 1

Microbiome are composed of?

Answer 1

bacteria, archaea, eukarya, viruses

Question 2

What is a microbiome?

Answer 2

a population of mirobes in an environment (which could be anywhere, skin, hair, table, apple, air, water, stomach, carpet)

Question 3

What do you look at to determine if a microbiome is DIFFERENT?

Answer 3

Sequencing of the DNA sequence for 16S ribosomal RNA

• If they are exactly the same= same organism
• they one nucleotide is different, they are different

Question 4

Over _____ of ____ are known to exist based on 16s ribosomal RNA gene sequence information

Answer 4

80 phyla of bacteria

Question 5

**90% of the characterized bacterial species are in what 4 phyla?

Answer 5

Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, and Bacteroidetes

Question 6

Fewer than ____ of all bacterial species have been characterized

Answer 6

fewer than half

~10,000 species are characterized

Question 7

What is the species we know exists but cannot grow and learn about them?

Answer 7

Zeta-
caldisercia
elusimincrobia
gemmatimonadetes

Question 8

Proteobacteria are a diverse phyla of Gram____ bacteria? found where?

Answer 8

negative

*several classes, some of which contain bacteria that live in or on humans

Question 9

Where are the classes of proteobacteria? Which one is a main focus?

Answer 9

**gamma is main one

Classes: gamma, beta, alpha, zeta, epsilon, delta

Question 10

Firmicutes contain?

Answer 10

Lactic acid producing bacteria

Question 11

Firmicutes are or are not fermentative?

Answer 11

they ARE fermentative

Question 12

In regards to air/oxygen, Firmicutes are?

Answer 12

aerotolerant anaerobes

Question 13

Do Firmicutes produce energy through oxidative phosphorylation?

Answer 13

NO

Question 14

Firmicutes contain what species?

Answer 14

Streptococcus species

Question 15

Firmicutes are catalase negative or positive?

Answer 15

catalase negative

Question 16

In regards to air/oxygen, Bacteroidetes are?

Answer 16

obligate anaerobes

Question 17

Bacteroidetes are spore forming or non-spore forming?

Answer 17

non-spore forming

*thus some of them are part of the anaerobic environments of the human body

Question 18

Porphyromonas gingivalis is in what phylum?

Answer 18

Bacteroidetes

Question 19

What are the lactobacillales organisms?

Answer 19

Streptococcus, Lactobacillus, and Leucronostoc species

Question 20

Is Porphyromonas gingivalis important for denstistry? Why or why not?

Answer 20

cause the development of periodontal disease

Question 21

Human Microbiome Project is based on what gene?

Answer 21

16S ribosomal RNA gene

Question 22

point of Human Microbiome Project ?

Answer 22

To figure out what bacteria are colonizing at different locations in and on the body and how they are different

Question 23

What is a Core microbiome?

Answer 23

arbitrarily defined as the species that are present at a specific site in 95% or more of individuals

Question 24

Secondary microbiome

Answer 24

Microbial species that contribute to the unique diversity of individuals at specific body sites

Question 25

Dysbiosis

Answer 25

disruption of the normal microbiome that can lead to disease by the elimination of microbiome organisms allowing growth of inappropriate bacteria

Question 26

EVERYONE has which microbiome and which one is unique: Secondary microbiome or Core microbiome?

Answer 26

Core microbiome= everyone has it

Secondary microbiome= UNIQUE to each person

Question 27

The human microbiome begins when?

Answer 27

babies are “painted” with microbes as they pass through the birth canal

Question 28

Passage through the birth canal helps ensure that a baby’s?

Answer 28

microbiome looks just like its mother’s, which may help prepare it for the outside world

Question 29

Breast milk itself contains not just food for the growing baby, but food for the infants’?

Answer 29

microbial inhabitants, as well as its own microbiome

Question 30

Nearly all of the microbiomes are harmless or perform __________, such as aiding digestion

Answer 30

harmless or perform beneficial functions

Question 31

beneficial bacteria are called?

Answer 31

commensals or mutuals

Question 32

T or F. One of the functions of commensal bacteria is to help the immune system mature

Answer 32

TRUE

Question 33

Studies have found that mice raised in sterile, germ free environments have poorly developed

Answer 33

immune systems or dysfunctional immune systems

Question 34

Microbiota means?

Answer 34

Community of microbes that live in and on an individual; can vary substantially between environmental sites and host niches in health and disease
**refer to the bacteria itself

Question 35

Normal flora

Answer 35

Microbiota (=collection of micro-organisms aka microbiota)

Question 36

define host and host benefits for normal flora

Answer 36

humans that provide a place to colonize, nutrients, and some protection from unwanted species (via immune responses)

Question 37

define the benefits for hosts from normal flora

Answer 37

The microbes provide needed metabolic functions, stimulate innate and regulatory immunity, prevent colonization with unwanted pathogens, etc