Microbiome 8.1 Flashcards

1
Q

Microbiome are composed of?

A

bacteria, archaea, eukarya, viruses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is a microbiome?

A

a population of mirobes in an environment (which could be anywhere, skin, hair, table, apple, air, water, stomach, carpet)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What do you look at to determine if a microbiome is DIFFERENT?

A

Sequencing of the DNA sequence for 16S ribosomal RNA

  • If they are exactly the same= same organism
  • they one nucleotide is different, they are different
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Over _____ of ____ are known to exist based on 16s ribosomal RNA gene sequence information

A

80 phyla of bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

**90% of the characterized bacterial species are in what 4 phyla?

A

Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, and Bacteroidetes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Fewer than ____ of all bacterial species have been characterized

A

fewer than half

~10,000 species are characterized

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the species we know exists but cannot grow and learn about them?

A

Zeta-
caldisercia
elusimincrobia
gemmatimonadetes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Proteobacteria are a diverse phyla of Gram____ bacteria? found where?

A

negative

*several classes, some of which contain bacteria that live in or on humans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Where are the classes of proteobacteria? Which one is a main focus?

A

**gamma is main one

Classes: gamma, beta, alpha, zeta, epsilon, delta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Firmicutes contain?

A

Lactic acid producing bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Firmicutes are or are not fermentative?

A

they ARE fermentative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

In regards to air/oxygen, Firmicutes are?

A

aerotolerant anaerobes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Do Firmicutes produce energy through oxidative phosphorylation?

A

NO

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Firmicutes contain what species?

A

Streptococcus species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Firmicutes are catalase negative or positive?

A

catalase negative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

In regards to air/oxygen, Bacteroidetes are?

A

obligate anaerobes

17
Q

Bacteroidetes are spore forming or non-spore forming?

A

non-spore forming

*thus some of them are part of the anaerobic environments of the human body

18
Q

Porphyromonas gingivalis is in what phylum?

A

Bacteroidetes

19
Q

What are the lactobacillales organisms?

A

Streptococcus, Lactobacillus, and Leucronostoc species

20
Q

Is Porphyromonas gingivalis important for denstistry? Why or why not?

A

cause the development of periodontal disease

21
Q

Human Microbiome Project is based on what gene?

A

16S ribosomal RNA gene

22
Q

point of Human Microbiome Project ?

A

To figure out what bacteria are colonizing at different locations in and on the body and how they are different

23
Q

What is a Core microbiome?

A

arbitrarily defined as the species that are present at a specific site in 95% or more of individuals

24
Q

Secondary microbiome

A

Microbial species that contribute to the unique diversity of individuals at specific body sites

25
Dysbiosis
disruption of the normal microbiome that can lead to disease by the elimination of microbiome organisms allowing growth of inappropriate bacteria
26
EVERYONE has which microbiome and which one is unique: Secondary microbiome or Core microbiome?
Core microbiome= everyone has it | Secondary microbiome= UNIQUE to each person
27
The human microbiome begins when?
babies are "painted" with microbes as they pass through the birth canal
28
Passage through the birth canal helps ensure that a baby's?
microbiome looks just like its mother's, which may help prepare it for the outside world
29
Breast milk itself contains not just food for the growing baby, but food for the infants'?
microbial inhabitants, as well as its own microbiome
30
Nearly all of the microbiomes are harmless or perform __________, such as aiding digestion
harmless or perform beneficial functions
31
beneficial bacteria are called?
commensals or mutuals
32
T or F. One of the functions of commensal bacteria is to help the immune system mature
TRUE
33
Studies have found that mice raised in sterile, germ free environments have poorly developed
immune systems or dysfunctional immune systems
34
Microbiota means?
Community of microbes that live in and on an individual; can vary substantially between environmental sites and host niches in health and disease **refer to the bacteria itself
35
Normal flora
Microbiota (=collection of micro-organisms aka microbiota)
36
define host and host benefits for normal flora
humans that provide a place to colonize, nutrients, and some protection from unwanted species (via immune responses)
37
define the benefits for hosts from normal flora
The microbes provide needed metabolic functions, stimulate innate and regulatory immunity, prevent colonization with unwanted pathogens, etc