Music Flashcards
1
Q
sound organized in time
A
music
2
Q
the highness or lowness of a sound
A
pitch
3
Q
orchestral musicians in the US tune to this note
A
A-440
4
Q
The term for scholars who study the music of other cultures
A
ethnomusicologists
5
Q
Curt Sachs and Erich von Hornbostel created how many groups of instruments?
A
4
6
Q
What texture has two or more melodic lines unfold simultaneously
A
polyphonic
7
Q
What is the art of taking an existing piece of music and giving instructions as to what each individual performer should play
A
arranging
8
Q
The combination of instruments involved in a work of music
A
instrumentation
9
Q
Another expressive factor expressing the sound of a piece is called
A
articulation
10
Q
The primary way tension is created through harmonic _______.
A
Dissonance
11
Q
what is the broadcast definition of music?
A
sound organized in time
12
Q
improvisation
A
simultaneous composition and performance
13
Q
how does raising the amplitude of a sound wave affect the sound?
A
sound becomes louder
14
Q
a melody that moves primarily in half steps or whole steps conjunct melody
A
conjunct melody
15
Q
Between which TWO pairs of notes on the keyboard are there no black keys?
A
B to C and E to F
16
Q
From which key on the keyboard would a natural minor scale consisting only of white keys begin?
A
A
17
Q
transpose
A
to move a piece of music from one key to another
18
Q
What aspect of a melody must remain unchanged when it is transposed to another key?
A
the interval relationships between the notes
19
Q
contour
A
the overall shape or direction of a melody
20
Q
how does lowering the frequency of a sound wave affect the sound
A
pitch becomes lower
21
Q
what is the frequency of A above middle C, the note to which orchestral musicians tune their instruments
A
440 Hz
22
Q
chordophones
A
instruments that use vibrating strings to produce sound
23
Q
idiophones
A
instruments whose bodies vibrate to produce sound
24
Q
aerophones
A
instruments that use a vibrating column of air to produce
25
membranophones
instruments that use a vibrating column of air to produce sound
26
electrophones
instruments that use an oscillator to produce sounds
27
what instrument family includes the flute, bassoon, and saxophone
woodwinds
28
what instrument family includes the tuba, french horn, and bugle
brass
29
what are five examples of stringed instruments
violon, viola, cello, doublebass, and guitar
30
what instruments family includes the marimba, timpani, and vibraphone?
percussion
31
what are four examples of keyboard instruments
piano, harpsichord, organ, and celesta
32
pitch
the higness or lowness of a sound
33
what interval is produced by halving the length of a string on a guitar
octave
34
where is middle c located on the piano keyboard
roughly equidistant from either end
35
overtones
weaker frequencies that color the sound of a note
36
into how many equal parts does equal temperament divide the octave
12
37
chromatic scale
the 12 pitches of the octave, played in ascending order
38
what does a sharp symbol indicate
the note should be raised
39
what does a flat symbol indicate?
the note should be lowered
40
what are the notes g# and Ab, which are identical in pitch referred to as?
enharmonic
41
how many pitches does a diatonic scale contain
seven
42
why is the seventh pitch in a scale called the leading tone
it begs to resolve upward to the tonic pitch
43
what is the role of the tonic pitch
acts as a point or repose and completion
44
dominant pitch
the fifth scale degree
45
performance practice
a study of how music actually sounded when it was written
46
interval
the distance between two pitches
47
what unit of measurement is used to describe an interval
half step or semitone
48
What is the highest note of a triad known as?
the fifth
49
melodic interval
two pitches played consecutively
50
what is the interval between c and g ascending
perfect fifth
51
what is the interval between a and c ascending
minor third
52
what is the interval between f and b ascending
tritone
53
what is the interval between ^6 and ^7 in a major scale
whole step
54
What determines the number of beats per second created by two interfering sound waves?
the number of beats per second created by two interfering sound waves is equal to the difference in frequency between the two waves (f1 - f2 = bps).
55
what is the interval between ^2 and ^3 in a major scale
whole step
56
what are the 3 varieties of minor scale
natural, melodic and harmonic
57
hat scale degree is always lowered in a minor scale
^3
58
how does harmonic minor differ from natural minor
the seventh scale degree is raised in harmonic minor
59
relative major and minor
major and minor scales that use the same pitches, but different tonics
60
parallel major and minor
major and minor scales that contain the same pitches
61
andante
at a walking pace
62
which scale degrees can be lowered in a blues scale
^3 and ^5
63
melody
a series of successive pitches perceived but the ear ti firm a whole cohesive
64
how many pitches can occur simultaneously in a melody
1
65
what is the fastest tempo
presto
66
what is the slowest tempo
lento or grave
67
andante
at a walking pace
68
what other name is used to refer to a full cadence?
authentic cadence
69
on what harmony does half cadence rest?
the dominant
70
theme
a set of phrases making up a complete melody which figures prominently in a piece of music
71
how does the sequence differ from repitition?
in sequence, the repetition occurs at varying pitch levels
72
what symbols are used to label complete sections of MUSICAL FORM IN A DIAGRAM?
capital letters
73
what TWO contrasting elements must a listener be able to recognize in musical variation?
continuity and alteration
74
what symbol is used to denote a variation on a theme?
a "prime" mark added to the same capital letter used for the theme
75
what meter is generally used for a twelve-bar blues?
duple
76
What THREE harmonies appear in a standard twelve-bar blues?
I, IV, and V (tonic, predominant and dominant)
77
How is contrast used in ternary form?
There is a contrasting middle section between the similar first and last sections.
78
What kind of cadence is used to end each section of ternary form?
authentic cadence
79
What name is ternary form also known by?
ABA form
80
rondo form
a form made up of a multiple sections, one of which recurs
81
how does rondo form differ from ternary form?
rondo form is less structured than tenury form and allows for more and different sections
82
how long are the sections of a standard 32-bar form?
8 measures each
83
What diagram is typically used to represent a 32-bar form
AABA
84
fugue subject
a single theme developed using a counterpoint
85
countersubject
a companion theme to the fugue subject
86
imitation
the approximate repetition of a melodic idea a a different pitch level
87
what musical texture best describes a fugue?
polyphony
88
At either of what TWO intervals from an original subject does the second line of a fugue usually imitiate the subject?
a fifth higher, or a fourth lower
89
what THREE main sections make up the sonata form
exposition, development, and reacapitualition
90
how many major musical ideas are present in a sonatat?
2
91
To what key does the sonata form usually modulate for the second idea
the dominant
92
how does the exposition of a sonata form generally end?
a strong cadence in the dominant key
93
Which section form is the most harmonically unstable?
the development
94
how does the development of a sonata form generally end?
a half cadence in the dominant key
95
How does the reacapitulation differ from the exposition in the sonata form
the second msuical idea does not modulate to the dominant key in the recapitulation
96
movements
shorter, distinct pieces that make up a longer work
97
what pattern of tempos usually appears in four-movemet, but not three-movement, sonata cycles?
a dance-like "minuet and trio" movement
98
performance practice
a study of how music actually
99
In a sound wave, what is the difference between compression and rarefaction?
A sound wave moving through the air causes pressure changes. Compression refers to the space where air pressure is increased, while rarefaction is the area where air pressure is decreased. One cycle of compression and rarefaction creates a complete sound wave.
100
What is a "period" as it relates to the physics of sound?
A period is the length of time that a sound wave takes to complete one cycle of compression and rarefaction creates a complete sound wave.
101
What physical property of a sound wave determines its pitch?
The frequency of the sound determines its pitch.
102
What physical property of sound does frequency measure?
Frequency measures the rate of the vibrations of a sound in hertz.
103
What is the unit of measurement for frequency, and for whom is it named?
The unit is named after Heinrich Hertz, a German physicist; hertz measures the frequency of a sound wave in cycles per second. One hertz is one cycle per second.
104
In what way does a change in the frequency of a sound after its ptch?
Higher frequencies correspond to higher pitches, and lower frequencies correspond to lower pitches.
105
Who is believed to have first discovered that musical pitches are related to each other by specific ratios?
Pythagoras
106
Notes that are separated by an octave are how many half steps apart?
Two notes an octave apart are separated by 12 half steps.
107
What is the ratio between the frequencies of two notes that are separated by one octave?
2:1
108
If a given note has a frequency of 440 Hz, what is the frequency of a note that is one octave higher?
880 Hz (440 x 2)
109
In modern Western music, what is the standard frequency used in most orchestras of the tuning note A4?
440 Hz
110
How many pitches are contained in one octave of a chromatic scale?
One octave of the chromatic scale consists of 12 pitches spaced fairly evenly throughout the octave. If these pitches have been obtained by precisely dividing the frequencies between the two octave notes, then the scale has been tuned with equal temperament.
111
What is a "sound envelope"?
"Sound envelope" is the term used to describe the lifespan of a sound.
112
What are the three parts of the sound envelope?
The sound envelope consists of the attack, sustain, and decay of a sound.
113
What creates the attack of a note?
The attack is caused by the initial resistance of the instrument to the force causing the sound vibrations, such as the movement of a bow on a string.
114
What is happening to the wave during the decay of a sound?
The decay of a sound is created by the decrease in force and amplitude of the vibrations of the wave.
115
What is amplitude?
Amplitude is the distance that a wave moves from its equilibrium position while vibrating.
116
What is intensity?
Intensity is a measure of the power, or energy per second, of a sound wave as it vibrates.
117
How are amplitude and intensity similar?
Amplitude and intensity both affect the volume of a sound wave as it is perceived by the ear.
118
What is the relationship between amplitude and frequency?
Ideally, there is none. A strict change in the frequency of a pitch will not change its amplitude, and vice versa.
119
Describe the amplitude and frequency of a note that is low-pitched and loud.
The low pitch is a result of a low frequency, and the loudness a result of a high amplitude.
120
What unit is used to measure amplitude?
decibel (dB)
121
From what scientist does the decibel take its name?
A decibel is one-tenth of a bel, which is named after Aexander Graham Bel..
122
What does a measurement in decibels indicate?
A measurement in decibels gives the ratio between the intensities of two different sounds
123
What is the decibel measurement for the human threshold of hearing?
0 dB
124
Why is the measurement of 120 dB significant?
An amplitude of 120 dB is the human threshold of pain.
125
What does the term "dynamics" refer to?
Dynamics describe the different volumes in a piece of music such as forte or pianissimo.
126
What language is used for indicating dynamics in music?
Italian
127
Put the following terms in order according to the level of volume that they indicate, from softest to loudest: forte, mezzo piano, pianissimo, fortissimo, piano, mezzo forte
pianissimo, piano, mezzo piano, mezzo forte, forte, fortissimo
128
What is the difference between a crescendo and decrescendo?
A crescendo indicates a gradual increase in the volume of music; a decrescendo indicates a gradual decrease in the volume of music.
129
What is timbre?
Timbre refers to the qualities of a sound that distinguish it from another sound of the same pitch and volume. Timbre is also known as "tone color."
130
What are harmonics?
Harmonics, or overtones, are the pitches above the fundamental that occur naturally when a sound is produced.
131
what is the interval between a fundamental pitch and its first overtone?
The first harmonic, or overtone, is exactly one octave higher than its fundamental pitch.
132
What type of sound does a sine wave represent?
A sine wave represents the sound wave of a note with no overtones.
133
What sort of wave is used to represent a pitch that is heard with only odd overtones?
A square wave.
134
What sort of overtones are present in a sawtooth wave?
A sawtooth waveform is used to indicate a pitch that is heard with all of its overtones.
135
Name three factors that affect the sound spectrum of an instrument
The sound spectrum is affected by the frequency of the fundamental; the number, distribution, and intensity of the overtones; and the interactions between the harmonics themselves.
136
What cause interference?
The overlap of multiple simultaneous sound waves
137
What is constructive interference?
constructive interference occurs when simultaneous sound waves "in phase";: they match up trough to trough and crest to crest, resulting in an amplitude that is the sum of all of the individual amplitudes.
138
What is the product of constructive interference?
Constructive interference results in a sound wave with an amplitude equal to the sum of the amplitudes of its component waves.
139
What causes destructive interference?
Destructive interference occurs when two interacting waves are "out of phase": they are not perfectly aligned.
140
What is the result of destructive interference?
Destructive interference fully or at least partially cancels out the amplitudes of its component waves.
141
What causes beats?
Beats are caused by the interference between sound waves that are cycling between being out of phase, (which decreases the amplitude) and in phase (which increases the amplitude).
142
What determines the number of beats per second created by two interfering sound waves?
the number of beats per second created by two interfering sound waves is equal to the difference in frequency between the two waves (f1 - f2 = bps).
143
diatonic
within the key
144
Which scale degrees correspond to major triads in a major key
1,4,5
145
which scale degrees correspond to minor triads in a major key
2,3,6
146
why does the dominant triad resolve to the tonic
it contains both the fifth scale degree and the leading tone
147
predominant harmonies
harmonies that pull to the dominant chord
148
on which scale degrees are the most common predominant harmonies based
2,4
149
what is the most common chord progression
predominant, dominant, tonic
150
how is the smoother voice leading created
by inverting chords so that each layer of the chord progression is conjunct
151
what scale degrees make up a dominant seventh chord
5,7,2,4
152
why does the dominant seventh chord have such a strong to pull to resolve
it contains a tritone
153
what is the strongest ending for a bass line
5 to 1
154
what are the most embellishments of a triad
adding a sixth seventh or ninth above the root
155
what distinguishes complex harmony from simple harmony
complex harmony uses more chromatic pitches
156
what does it mean for a piece of music to modulate
change keys
157
what is the name of schoenbergs system of pitch relationships
the twelve tone method
158
polytonality
using two keys simultaneously
159
texture
the number of things going on in a piece of music
160
what are the four types of texture in music
monophony, heterophony, homophony, and polyphony
161
monophony
music consisting of a single unaccompanied melodic line
162
what are the components of homophonic music
melody and harmony
163
polyphony
two or more melodies unfolding at the same time
164
what is the name of the technique used by western composers to produce polyphony
counterpoint
165
melodies in the counterpoint
melodies with the same beat and harmonic progression
166
instrumentation
the instrument or combination of instruments used in a piece
167
why is it difficult to determine the pitch of a church bell
bells produce very strong overtones
168
why does a clarinet produce a clear note with little ambiguity in pitch
only strong overtones reproduce the pitch being overplayed
169
instrument attributes determining its timbre
the material form which it is made and the amount of resonance
170
dynamics
the loudness and softness of a sound
171
pianissisimo
as softly as possible
172
fortississimo
as loudly as possible
173
crescendo
a gradual increase in dynamics
174
decrescendo or diminuendo
a gradual decrease in dynamics
175
mp
mezzopiano
176
ff
fortissimo
177
articulation
the mechanics of starting and ending a sound
178
staccato
short detached notes
179
what part of the mouth does a woodwind player use to create a staccato effect
his tongue
180
legato
notes that are played in a smooth connected manner
181
bouncing the bow or plucking the string(pizzicato)
violin techniques used to produce staccato
182
what is the difference between staccato and an accent
an accent has a more sudden beginning and does not require separation before the next note
183
ornamentation
localized embellishments, often unwritten
184
symbol for staccato
a dot placed under or over the note head
185
symbol for legato
a curved line connecting multiple note heads
186
tenuto
notes that are stressed without force
187
symbol for tenuto
a horizontal line under or over the note head
188
form
the organization of a piece of music on a larger scale
189
what two visual representations are used to express musical form
scores and diagrams
190
tension and release
complementary elements shape to a chord progression or melody
191
what method is the primary way to create tension in music
harmonic dissonance
192
motive
smalleest identifiable recurring musical idea
193
phrase
cohesive musical thought
194
antecedent and consequence phrases
the two members of a related pair of phrases
195
cadence
a resting point in a piece of music
196
a melody that moves primarily in intervals larger than a minor second
disjunct melody
197
the high, middle , and low parts of an instruments' range
register
198
what is the distinguishing feature of a melody with a high tessitura?
it calls for many notes in the high register of an instrument's range
199
the way music is organized in time
rhythm
200
the steady pulse that underlies most music
beat
201
the speed of the beat
tempo
202
the tempo of a piece slowing down
ritardondo
203
the tempo of a piece speeding up
accelerando
204
a piece f music with no beat
unmetered music
205
a piece of music iwth a beat that speeds up or slows down for expressive purposes
rubato
206
which beat of a musical measure is strongest?
the first, also called the downbeat
207
the pattern of emphasis superimposed on groups of beats
meter
208
a group of beats
a measure, or bar
209
music with groups of 2 or 4 beats
duple meter
210
a note that falls before the downbeat of the first measure
pickup, or anacrusis
211
What THREE elements of notation indicate the duration of a note?
the note head, the flags on the stem, and dots
212
How many numbers do time signatures contain?
2
213
what does the top number of a time signature represent
the number of beats in a measure
214
what does the bottom number of a time signiture represent?
how long one beat is
215
a beat with a triple subdivision
compound meter
216
measures with different meters occurring in succession
mixed meter
217
two or more meters occurring simultaneously
polymeter
218
emphasizing notes that fall on weak beats or in between beats
syncopation
219
two or more conflicting rhythmic patterns occurring simultaneously
polyrhythm
220
two or more tones sounding simultaneously
harmony
221
the system used in western cultures to organize pitch and harmony
common practice tonality
222
3 or more
how many notes must there be in a chord
223
a three note chord up of two intervals of a third
triad
224
what are the FOUR types of triad
major, minor, diminished, and augmented
225
in ascending order, what intervals make up a major triad?
a major third and a minor third
226
in ascending order, what intervals make up a minor triad?
a minor third and a major third
227
in ascending order, what intervals make up a diminished triad?
a major third and a major third
228
what is the lowest note of a triad known as?
the root
229
WHAT IS THE HIGHEST NOTE OF A TIRAD KNOWN AS??????????????????????????
the fifth
230
Under what circumstance can the human ear not hear beats?
Beats cannot be detected by the human ear if they become too fast. If two interfering pitches are far apart in frequency, there will be too many beats per second for the ear to perceive them.
231
What scientist extensively studied the frequencies of interfering waves and the beats they produce?
Hermann von Helmholtz
232
According to Helmholtz, which three ratios between frequencies and corresponding intervals create the "smoothest" sounds?
1:1 (two notes of the same pitch), 1:2 (an octave(, 2:3 (a fifth)
233
What is the difference between consonance and dissonance?
Consonance occurs when interacting pitches and their overtones are complementary so do not produce audible beats; dissonance is when overtones clash with one another and create beats.
234
In addition to harmonics and beats, what quality of a n instrument affects its timbre?
The material of which the instrument is constructed affects its timbre.
235
When a material is forced into vibrating at one of its naturally occurring frequencies, what do we call this response?
resonance
236
what is polyphone
polyphonic music inclues two or more separate melodies occurring simultaneously
237
what term is used to describe the texture of music that has a single melody accompanied by music hat is written in the same key as the primary melody
homophony
238
what is heterophony
heterophopnic music features a single meoldy that is played in slightly different forms by multiple voices or instruments at the same time
239
describe homorhythmic texture
homorhythmic texture occurs when the accompanying parts have the same rhythm as the primary melody
240
what is polyrhythmic teutre
occurs when two or more lines of music with differen meters are played simultaneously
241
what is form
the term used to refer to the overall framework or organization of a piece of music
242
what is the form of a piece of music that has two or more distinct sections
compound form
243
name the musical form that consists of ovements inspired by dances
a suite
244
what is an open form
in which a sectionor piece ends unresolved or in a key other than the ones in which it behan
245
what is close form
a piece written in closed form features a definite resolution and a sense of closure; it ends o nthe tonic of the key in which it began
246
wehat textural and melodic similarities exist between a fugue and a motet
both feauture extensive polyphony and melodic repetition
247
ethnomusicology
the study or comparitive study of the music of other cultures
248
why does an arbitary dropped object not produce a pitch?
its sound wave is short and irregular
249
what THREE techniques are used to make the strings of chordophones vibrate?
plucking, bowing or striking the strings
250
What frequencey describes the pitch A played one ctave lower than A -440
A-220
251
fundamental harmonic
the loudesr and strongest pitch produced by asound wave
252
what note is the enharmonic equivalent of C#
Db
253
what note is the enharmonic equivalent of Bb
A#
254
what note is the dominant equivalent of G
D
255
which triad inversion has the third on the bottom?
first inversion
256
a triad with the root position note at the bottom
root position
257
the set of pitch relationships in which a piece or section of a piece of music occurs
key
258
what pitch determines the name and gravitational center of a key?
the tonic pitch
259
whcih scale degrees stermine whether a key is major or minor
^3 ^6 and 7^
260
chromatic pitches
pitches that are not within the key of a piece of music
261
a set of accidentals that indicate the key
key signiture
262
Define rhythm.
Rhythm is the ordering and grouping of sounds and silences through time.
263
What term is used to refer to the basic pulse of music?
beat
264
What happens to the beats of a piece if the tempo increases?
An increase in tempo means the music moves faster, causing the beats to come closer together in time.
265
What is the difference between tempo and meter?
Tempo merely measures how fast the beat is while meter refers to the rhythmic groupings of stressed and unstressed beats.
266
what note is the dominant pitch in the key of g?
D
267
what note is the dominant pitch in the key of Bb
F
268
'what note is the dominant pitch in the key of D#
A#
269
What note is the leading tone in the key of A
G#
270
What note is the leading tone in the key of f
E
271
what is the term for the form of a song that contains several unique sections without repetition
through composed
272
wat interval occurs between F and G#
augmented second
273
what interval occurs between ^6 and raised ^7 in a harmonic minor scale?
augmented second
274
which minor scale changes its pitches when played descending?
melodic
275
how much larger than an octave is a minor ninth
a minor second
276
how much larger than an octave is a major tenth
a major third
277
how many half steps does a major ninth contain
14
278
what does a key signature that includes a D flat imply?
the pitch of D will automatically be lowered for the rest of the piece
279
how many accidentals are there in the key of c?
none
280
how many and what type of accidental are there in the key of F?
1 flat
281
How many and what type of accidentals are there in the key of G?
1 sharp
282
how many and what type of accidentals are there in the key of E?
4 sharps
283
the quality of a pitch, interval, or chords that makes it seem suitable for rest or resolution
consonance
284
an interval made up of three whole steps
tritone
285
according to USAD, what instruments are included in a typical jazz band?
clarinet, trumpet, trombone, saxophone, piano, double bass, and percussion
286
in order from highest to lowest, what are the strings of a cello
a3, d3, g2, c2, the same letters as a viola but an octave lower
287
What is a diatonic scale?
A diatonic scale is a scale that uses notes from the chromatic scale, but contains only seven notes per octave. For example, the major and minor scales are types of diatonic scales.
288
what is the typical range of the alto voice?
G3 to D5, +/- one or two notes
289
what is periodization?
periodization is the process of dividing history into specific memorably segments
290
who first used the term renaissance
Jules Michelet, a 19th century french historian
291
Who wrote the Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy?
Jacob Burkhardt, a 19th century Swiss historian
292
What are the most common meters in Western music?
duple meter (groups of two beats) and triple meter (groups of three beats)
293
What is the difference between simple and compound meter?
A simple meter is one in which each beat is divided in half; in compound meter, beats are divided into groups of three.
294
What is a downbeat?
A downbeat is the first beat of a measure. It is almost always an accented beat.
295
Music notation must provide at least what two important pieces of information about the work?
Music notation must clearly indicate the pitches of the notes and their durations.
296
What elements of Wester musical notation are used to indicate pitch?
The clef and the placement of notes on the stuff indicate the desired pitches.
297
What elements of musical notation indicate the duration and rhythm of notes?
The appearance and shape of the notes and the different symbols used to indicate rests indicate the intended rhythm and duration of notes.
298
Who created the system of musical notation upon which the modern Western system is based?
Franco of Cologne (13th Century)
299
What do rests indicate?
Rests indicate that there should be a silence of a certain length in the music.
300
What is syncopation?
Syncopation occurs when beats are stressed at unexpected or unusual times.
301
What does a 5/8 time signature indicate?
A 5/8 time signature means that there are five (5) beats per measure and that the eighth (8) note receives one beat.
302
How does a note change if a dot is added next to it?
A dot next to a note indicates that the duration of the note equals the length of the original note plus half its length. For example, a dotted eighth note has the length of an eighth note plus a sixteenth note.
303
In what unit is tempo usually measured?
Tempo is usually measured in beats per minute.
304
What is the difference between the terms adagio and allegro?
both adagio and allegro are terms that indicate; however, adagio means "slow" while allegro means "fast."
305
What does the tempo marking "maestoso" mean?
"majestically"
306
What is melody?
Melody refers to a series of pitches that form a cohesive tune.
307
How are notes on the staff named?
Notes on the staff are named using the letters A through g.
308
What is another name for the treble clef?
G clef
309
What is another name for the bass clef?
F Clef
310
The second line from the bottom of a treble-clef staff is a
G
311
What is the grand staff?
The grand staff includes both the treble and bass clef staffs so that a wide range of pitches can be seen at once.
312
What is a scale?
A scale is a sequence
313
what textural and melodic similarities exist between a fugue and a motet
both feature extensive polyphony and melodic repetition
314
how many sections does a piece of binary from contain
two
315
what is the typical chord progression within sections in binary form
the first section moves from the tonic to the dominant; the second section moves from the dominant back to the tonic
316
how is rounded binary form different from simple binary form
in rounded binary form, the first section returns to the tonic in a slightly modified way after the second section, thus creating the a section, in simple binary the b section contains the return to the tonic
317
what is the differenve between ternary form and rounded binary form
ternary form has three sections. the third section is identical to the first whereas rounded binary form includes a return if the A section in a modified form
318
what is the structure of a rondo
a rondo contains one section that alternates with at least two other sections, creating the structure abacada
319
what is the name of the binary form most common in american popular music
verse/chorus or verse/ refrain
320
what is a bridge
a bridge is a unique section added to a binary form song, typically before the last refrain
321
how does the inclusion of a bridge add to the musical complexity of binary form
the bridge is typically written in the dominant, which increases the musical tension of the work before returning to the tonic in the final chorus
322
what is the term for the form of a song that contains several unique sections without repetition
through composed
323
mozarts" ah, vous dirais-je maman" takes the well known tune of "Twinkle twinkle little star" and repeats it again and again in many different forms, so its form is that of
theme and variations
324
what are the three sections of a work written in sonata form
exposition, development, and recapitulation
325
what is the purpose of the exposition in sonata form
the exposition serves to introduce the main theme or themes of the piece in the tonic key
326
in what key does the development of a piece in sonata form typically end
the dominant
327
what is the purpose of the recapitulation in sonata form
the recapitulation restates the main theme of the piece, often with variation
328
what is a coda
a coda is a final section in a piece that gives it a formal sense of closure by emphasizing dominant harmonies and their resolution to the tonic one last time
329
what chords or keys are typically accentuated in the coda
the coda typically focuses on the subdominant or dominant harmonies and then resolves to the tonic key
330
during what two musical eras was the sonata form most popular
classical and romantic
331
a piece that begins with an opening themes, modulates through a number of different keys and ends with a restatement of the opening theme is in what form
sonata form
332
along with binary form, what other form has had a significant influence upon most american popular music
12 bar blues
333
what is the alphabetic structure of 12 bar blues
aab:the first four bars (A) are repeated (A) and then resolved by a contrasting four-bar section (B)
334
in typical 12 bar blues, how many measures long is each phrase
each of the three phrases in the 12 bar blues progression is four measures or bars long
335
what is the typical chord progression of the third phrase of 12 bar blues
1,4,5,1
336
what combination of instruments is usually responsible for creating the timbre we associate with country music
fiddle, acoustic guitar, steel guitar, and banjo
337
What is a diatonic scale?
A diatonic
338
What is the sequence of whole and half steps of a major scale?
Major scales all follow the following sequence: whole, whole, half, whole whole, whole, half. Thus the half steps fall between the third and fourth notes of the scale and between the seventh and eighth.
339
What is the name of the first note in a scale?
The first note in a scale is called the tonic.
340
The dominant represents what scale degree?
The dominant is the fifth note in a major or minor scale.
341
What is the significance of the seventh note in a scale?
The seventh note is known as the leading tone because it creates a musical tension that seems to "lead" the ear to the tonic note.
342
In a D major scale, what are the letter names of the dominant and leading tones?
In a D major scale, A is the dominant and C# is the leading tone.
343
what word is used two notes that are notated differently according to the key in which they occur but that are, in fact, the same note
enharmonic
344
how and why is the circle of fifths constructed
the circles of fifths is constructed by starting with C and ascending by fifths until C is again reached. they key C has no sharps or flats in it. Each subsequent key in the circle of fifths has one more sharp than the previous key
345
how does the ascending melodic minor scale differ from the descending melodic minor scale
in the ascending scale the sixth and seventh notes are raised a half step in comparison to the natural minor scale. in the descending scale, the sicth and seventh notes re not raised, making it identical to the natual minor scale
346
in order form highest to lowest pitch, what are the three ranges of the female voice
soprano, mezzo soprano, and alto
347
in order form lowest to highest pitch, what are the three ranges of the male voice
bass, baritone, and tenor
348
what is the another name for the alto voice range
contralto
349
although the alto and tenor voice ranges overlap greatly in pitch, how do they differ
though overlapping in pitch range alto and tenor parts are distinct from each other because the physiology of the female and male voices give each one a unique timbre
350
according to the system developed in the nineteenth century, what instrumental characteristic determines its classification
instruments are classified according to what sort of vibrating medium creates their sound
351
what are the five instrumental classification groups
idiophones, membranophones, aerophones, chordophones, and electrophones
352
how is sound created on a chordophone
chordophones create vibration by the movement of strings which can be either bowed, plucked, or struck
353
what modern chordophones are played with a bow
violin, viola, cello, and bass
354
in addition to the strings, what components of a bowed chordophone allow the instrument to vibrate
in addition to the strings, the bridge and the sound post are essential in causing vibration by transmitting the vibrations from the strings into the body of the instrument, where they can be amplified and projected
355
What is the difference between conjunct and disjunct melodies?
Conjunct melodies include notes that are mostly next to or close to each other on the staff, where as disjunct melodies feature greater distances between consecutive notes.
356
What is the role of harmony in music?
Harmony, the addition of chords or other notes to the main melody, is intended to complement the primary melody.
357
What is a chord?
A chord has three or more notes that are played at the same time.
358
What is a triad?
A triad is a chord which includes a root note and the notes that are a third and a fifth above the root.
359
What is the name of a triad that features the first note of a scale as its root?
A tonic chord
360
What shorthand method is used to indicate chord progression in a piece of music?
Roman numerals are used to number chords within a scale; chord progressions are described using these Roman numerals.
361
What is one of the most common chord progressions in American folk and rock music?
I-IV-V-I
362
What is a cadence?
A cadence is a chord progression that conveys a feeling of resolution, used at the end of musical phrases or pieces.
363
What is the name for a cadence that ends on a dominant chord?
A half cadence
364
What is a plagal cadence?
In a plagal cadence, a subdominant chord is played directly before the final tonic chord. The "Amen" at the end of church hymns is an example of a plagal cadence.
365
A cadence that conveys the greatest sense of closure ends on what chord?
the tonic (I)
366
What types of popular music first began to use "passing chords"?
Early blues, jazz, and tin Pan alley composers expanded on the classic I-IV-V-I progression by adding passing chords.
367
In a bb major scale, what is the subdominant note?
Eb
368
What defines music with a monophonic texture?
Monophonic music features a single line of melody, unaccompanied by any additional melodies or harmonies.
369
the song america contains no internal repetition, so its form is
through composed
370
name three chordophones on which strings are plucked rather than bowed
although there are others, the basic guide mentions the guitar, lute, harp, and zither
371
what three factors affect the way a string sounds
the sound of a string is affected by its material, thickness and length
372
what is the relationship between the thickness of a string and its pitch range
the thicker the string, the lower the pitch range will be
373
how does length affect the pitch range of a string
longer strings will have a lower pitch range than shorter strings
374
about how long is a full size violin
35.5
375
in order from highest to lowest, what notes are associated with each of the four strings of violin
E5, A4, D4, G3
376
what are f holes
the curved holes are on the tops of bowed chordophone instruments that allow the vibrations to travel outward beyond the instruments hollow boddy
377
what is the range of lengths for typical violas
violas can range in length from 38 to 40 cm
378
in order from highest to lowest, what are the notes of the strings on a viola
a4, d4, g3, c3
379
where is the viola held when it is played
like the violin, held under the chin of the left shoulder
380
what is the difference between a cello and a violoncello
there is no difference, its another name for cello
381
how long is the body of a cello
74 ti 76 cm
382
how does one hold a cello when playing it
the body of a cello is held between the legs, supported by an endpin which rests on the ground
383
in order from highest to lowest, what are the strings of a cello
a3,
384
what is the average range of a vibraphone
the pitches of vibraphone bars range form f2 to a6
385
what is another name for the tubular bells
the tubular bells are also known as orchestral bells or chimes
386
what is the only bar instrument that is struck vertically
tubular bells
387
what are some examples of non barred metallophones
the triangle, cymbals, gong, and anvil are examples of non barred metallophones
388
which instrument has a greater range: the xylophone or the marimba
the marimba has a greater range from a2 to c7. the xylophones range is from f3 to c7
389
what are some examples of unpitched percussion instruments
there are numerous examples but USAD lists the following: gongs, wood blocks, castanets, shakers, maracas, slap sticks, cowbells, and jingle bells
390
Why did USAD choose 1450 as the beginning of the musical Renaissance
1450 is the year the Guillaume Du fay finished his polyphonic Missa Se la face ay ale, a piece that broke away from the previous polyphonic traditions.
391
according to USAD, i what year did monody first appear?
1600
392
what is the italian translation for the word renaissance
rebirth
393
in what year did the roman empire fall
476AD
394
In what main city of what empire were many ancient greek and roman texts stored after the fall of the roman empire and prior to the renaissance
ancient sources were kept in libraries located in the byzantine empire in cities such as constantinople
395
when did the city of constantinople fall
1453
396
what is a renaissance man
a renaissance an is one who pursues many subjects and fields from art to mathematics. The renaissance an was not necessarily an actual person nit rather an ideal that many strove to emulate
397
which two nations were primarily involved in the hundred years war
england and france
398
during which years did the hundred years war take place
1337-1453
399
name three of the seven explorers mentioned by USAD whose discoveries helped encourage the economic growth and prosperity of Europe during the renaissance
any of the following are correct, vasco da gama of portugal, pedro cabral of portugal, francisoco pizzaro of spain, hernando de soto of spain, juan ponce de leon of spain, amerigo vespucci of italy, and chirstopher columbus of italy.
400
what kind of contour describes the melody of "The Star Spangle Banner?"
disjunct
401
Whit kind of contour describes the melody of "Row, Row, Row Your Boat?"
conjunct
402
How many flags denote sixteenth notes in rhythmic notation?
2
403
How does a half note differ from a quarter note in rhythmic notation?
The note head of the half note is not filled in.
404
In rhythmic notation, how does a whole note differ from a half note?
The whole note does not have a stem
405
How many eighth notes make up a whole note?
8
406
How many sixteenth notes make up a quarter note?
4
407
How many sixteenth notes make up a dotted half note?
12
408
What rhythmic change is denoted by a small dot next to the head of a note?
add half of the note's original value to itself.
409
How many beats does a dotted whole note contain?
6
410
How many beats does a dotted quarter note contain?
1.5
411
subito
a change executed suddenly
412
poco a poco
a change executed gradualy
413
most drums fall under what instrumental classification
most drums are membranophones
414
what factors affect the sound of a drum
the material and size of the drum and its membrane affect the sound of the drum
415
what type of drum has pitches that can be adjusted using a foot pedal
a timpani
416
what type of drum has a 36 inch frame covered with two drumheads
an orchestral bass drum
417
what characteristic of the snare drum makes it different than all other drums
snare drums have metal snares or string attached to them that vibrate when the drum is hit
418
how do aerophones create sound
in aerophones, sound is created by the vibration of a column of air inside the instrument
419
name two instruments that are played by blowing air across the opening of a column
flute piccolo or recorder
420
what is a reed
a eed is a piece of can wood that is carved and inserted into the mouthpiece of some woodwind instruments. it vibrates as the instrument is played
421
name two single reed instruments
clarinet saxophone
422
name two double reed instruments
oboe and bassoon
423
what is the difference between the flute and the piccolo
the piccolo is smaller than the flute and has a higher range
424
what material is the clarinet made out of
african or brazilian blackwood
425
what is another name for the double bass
string bass or upright lower
426
how long is the body of a double bass
180-200 cn
427
in order from highest to lowest, what are the strings of a double bass
g2, d2, a1, e1
428
how many strings does an orchestral harp
47
429
what is the tonal range of a concert harp
c1 to g#7
430
why is the piano considered a chordophone
the piano is classified as a chordophone bc it creates sound by the vibration of strings which are struck by small hammers
431
what are the 3 classifications of percussion instruments
membranophones idiophones and metallophones
432
what is the primary purpose of percussion instruments in most ensembles
their function is usually to add to the rhythmic complexity of the piece or to keep the beat rather than to add to the melody or harmony
433
what is the difference between an idiophone and a membranophone
membranophones are percussion instrumentes that feature a taut membrane that is struck to create a sound. idiophones are instruments such as shakers that lack a membrane
434
what are at least three examples if pitched bar instruments
vibraphone, tubular bells, glockenspiel, xylophone, or marimba
435
what two woods can a bassoon be made form
maple or rosewood
436
what is the lowest sounding instrument in the orchestra
the contrabassoon, with a range from B 60 to E4
437
what creates sound in brass instruments
brass instrument produce sound via the vibration of the players lips against the mouthpiece
438
what is the smallest brass instrument
trumpet
439
in what way is the trombone unlike other brass instruments
unlike other brass instruments which uses valves to control pitch the trombone uses a long slide
440
what instruments make up the low brass section of an orchestra
trombone tuba and sometimes a euphonium and a baritone
441
what sort of aerophones are not played using human lung power
pipe organs
442
how many violin sections are there in a traditional orchestral setup
two
443
what instruments are included in a standard wind quintet
flute oboe clarinet bassoon and horn
444
What symbol denotes a second inversion triad?
a 6 and 4 stacked vertically after the chord symbol
445
What TWO scales require an F# in the key signature?
G major and E mnor
446
How many key signatures are possible in common practice tonality?
12
447
What TWO keys require a Bb in the key signature?
F major and D minor
448
What accidentals are required in the key signature of Bb?
A Bb and Eb
449
How many keys are possible?
24
450
Why are there only a limited number of possible keys?
Every key must preserve the sequence of half and whole steps required by the scale.
451
what kind of triad is built on ^7 of a major scale?
diminished
452
What symbols are used to describe chords?
Roman numerals
453
What TWO chord progressions consist of predominant dominant tonic?
Iv_V-I or ii-V-I
454
What harmonic role does the added seventh play in a dominant seventh chord?
It exerts an additional pull to the tonic.
455
Modal mixture
Altering pitches of the basic triad
456
nonfunctional harmony
using chords from common-practice tonality without resolving them
457
what two beats are generally weakest in duple mete?
2 and 4
458
what two bears are generally strongest in duple meter
1 and 3
459
what separates measures on the staff
bar lines
460
what beats of the measure must be aligned for two simultaneous meters to form a polymeter
downbeats
461
what name is irregular meter known as
asymmetrical meter
462
what name polyrhythm also know by
cross rhythm
463
what are the two most common polyrhythms
2 against 3 and 3 against 4
464
including root position, how many triad inversions are possible
3
465
what symbol denotes a first inversion triad
a 6 written after the chord symbol
466
arranging
giving instructions to what each individual performance should play based on an existing piece of music
467
which harmonic role corresponds to a seventh chord built from ^7
dominant
468
which note of a triad can be omitted without interfering with the harmony
the fifth
469
what tradition forms the basis of blues music
rural african american oral tradition
470
emotion most characteristic of the blues
sadness
471
blue notes
flattened, bent, or shaded notes on ^3 ^5 and ^7
472
how can a pianist play blue notes that lie between piano keys
using crushed notes by playing two adjacent notes at once
473
why is western notation unable to capture the nuances of the blues
much of blues is improvisational
474
at which part of the form does a line of blue lyrics generally end
midway through a four bar section
475
ring shout
a slavery era religious tradition involving improvisation, call and response, and movement
476
which two cultural contexts did the ring shout combine
african and american
