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Academic Decathlon > Art > Flashcards

Art Flashcards

0
Q

intalgio printmaking

A

process where lines are inscribed into the matrix

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1
Q

2 regions where the Catholic Church sought to maintain its dominance during the baroque era

A

Spain and Italy

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2
Q

Jesuits

A

Organization founded to convert non-Europeans to Catholicism

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3
Q

what is a flying buttress?

A

flying buttresses are external arches used in medieval cathedrals that allow for higher celings and window openings by counterbalancing the outward thrust of high, vaulted cielings.

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4
Q

name the three main orders of ancient greek architecture.

A

doric, ionic, and corinthian

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5
Q

which of the greek orders is the simplest?

A

doric

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6
Q

which of the three ancient greek orders is the most elaborate?

A

corinthian

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7
Q

what two materials are most commonly used for the construction of residential homes?

A

wood and brick

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8
Q

what two materials are most commonly used for hte construction of large commercial buildings?

A

steel and concrete

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9
Q

what are the three parts of the entablature in a greek temple?

A

the architrave, frieze, and cornice

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10
Q

what material was used to construct the eiffel tower?

A

wrought iron

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11
Q

the colosseum in rome is and example of what architectural feature?

A

the vault

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12
Q

the arch, the vault, and dome are similar in that all three features seek to stretch the boundaries of architecture by ____?

A

allowing for greater height and more space inside a building

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13
Q

what is a colonnade?

A

an arrangement of evenly-spaced columns that supports the entablature, arch, or roof.

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14
Q

name the two main orders of roman architecture

A

tuscan (a variant of the doric order) and composite (a combination of the ionic and corinthan oders)

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15
Q

this spanish architect is famous for his unique, organic shaped buildings made of stone

A

Antonio Gaudi

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16
Q

modern architects have tried to design buildings that are composed of (geometric/organic) shapes.

A

organic

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17
Q

who designed the first skyscraper?

A

louis sullivan, who designed the wainwright building in st. louis

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18
Q

This building was constructed in London in 1851 and consisted mainly of glass walls held together by slim iron rods.

A

the crystal palace, which was built for the world’s fair in London.

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19
Q

what is environmental art?

A

art that makes use of the environment in which it is installed

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20
Q

when did environmental art first emerge?

A

the 1960s

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21
Q

true/false: environmental art is usually small in scale

A

false. it is usually large in scale

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22
Q

name a few characteristics of environmental art according to USAD

A

Large in scale, constructed on site, and only temporary.

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23
Q

true/false: environmental art often requires participation from the viewer

A

true

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24
Q

engraving

A

intalgio process using carving tools to directly inscribe lines into a matrix

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25
Q

etching

A

intalgio process using acid to etch grooves into exposed matrix

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26
Q

lithography

A

process where ink is applied to a wax image drawn on the matrix

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27
Q

screen prints

A

process where an image is transferred to a fabric frame and acts as a stencil

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28
Q

THREE materials comprising paint

A

pigments, binders, and solvents

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29
Q

fresco

A

technique where water-based paints are applied to wet plaster

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30
Q

tempera

A

water-based paint with egg binder that draws quickly and has a narrow tonal range

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31
Q

region of the US struck with drought during the Great Depression

A

the Midwest

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32
Q

encaustic

A

wax-based paint fused to surfaces with hot irons

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33
Q

gouache

A

water-based paint similar to tempera

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34
Q

watercolor

A

water-based paint tinted by adding water instead of white paint

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35
Q

acrylic paint

A

synthetic paint developed after World War II

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36
Q

FOUR basic methods of sculptures

A

carving modeling, casting, and construction

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37
Q

carving

A

removing original material to create a sculpture

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38
Q

modeling

A

adding materials to a surface to create a sculpture

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39
Q

casting

A

creating a plaster mold used to replicate the original sculpture

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40
Q

Alexander Calder

A

sculptor who created mobiles whose parts are moved by wind

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41
Q

environmental art/Earthworks

A

large sculpture that redefines the space where it is created

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42
Q

mixed media

A

artworks that use several art media

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43
Q

FIVE craft products that have come to be recognized as art forms

A

pottery, jewelry, fibers, glass, and wooden objects

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44
Q

pottery

A

craft medium, using natural materials such as clay

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45
Q

slip

A

liquid clay used to join edges of clay pieces

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46
Q

kiln

A

oven used to remove all moisture from a clay piece

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47
Q

TWO fiber art forms

A

weaving and quilting

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48
Q

architecture

A

the design and construction of buildings

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49
Q

post-and-lintel construction

A

technique where a beam is placed horizontally across another two beams

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50
Q

FOUR key inventions in architecture

A

post- and -lintel, the arc, the vault, and the dome

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51
Q

the great Depression

A

global economic crisis triggered by the 1929 US stock market crash

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52
Q

SIX factors determining how individuals were affected by the Great Depression

A

social and finance status, education, race, gender, and location

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53
Q

economic sector experiencing the most severe unemployment during the Great Depression

A

industrial sector

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54
Q

region of the US struck with drought during the Great Depression

A

the Midwest

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55
Q

What goal does a study of art history try to achieve?

A

to understand art and its meaning in its historical context

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56
Q

What four factors are considered in the study of a work of art?

A

formal qualities, function, artist and patron goals, and audience

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57
Q

To what three disciplines is art history closely related

A

anthropology, history, and sociology

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58
Q

With which two fields does art history sometimes overlap?

A

Aesthetics and criticism

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59
Q

Aesthetics

A

the philosophy inquiry into the nature and expression of beauty

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60
Q

art criticism

A

the explanation occurrent art events to the public via the press

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61
Q

What types of media do modern art historians consider “art”?

A

visual material with meaning or aesthetic appeal

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62
Q

On what kind of art did past art historians primarily focus?

A

fine art

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63
Q

What five media types qualify as fine arts?

A

paintings, prints, drawings, sculpture architecture

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64
Q

What types of artwork dismissed by earlier art historians are now included in our definition of “art”?

A

crafts

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65
Q

What three types of artworks are considered crafts?

A

textiles, pottery, and body art

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66
Q

What four objects are sometimes included in art history that may not be considered art by their audience?

A

mass-produced posters and advertisements, telephones, forks, and furniture

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67
Q

True or False: Art historians acknowledge that the meaning if a work of art varies for different viewers and time periods.

A

true; different time periods and people of different social class may interpret a work differently.

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68
Q

What two modes are used in historical analysis of art?

A

formal analysis and contextual analysis

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69
Q

largest patron of visual arts, theater, and literature during the Great Depression

A

the government

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70
Q

John Steinbeck

A

author of The Grapes of Wrath

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71
Q

institution which society trusted to resolve the problems of the Great Depression

A

the government

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72
Q

New Deal policies

A

depression-era governmental policies intended to help the economy, supported the arts and literature

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73
Q

Franklin D. Roosevelt

A

32nd president of the US 1933-1945 who enacted New Deal policies

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74
Q

Herbert Hoover

A

31st president of US, predecessor of Roosevelt

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75
Q

the First New Deal

A

New Deal policies enacted in 1933 under FD Roosevelt

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76
Q

What are the effects of adding a glaze to an oil painting?

A

Adding a glaze can give the painting a luminous glow that tempera cannot achieve.

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77
Q

What is the benefit of the slow drying time of oil paints?

A

Artists can continue working on an oil painting over a long period of time.

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78
Q

The opposite of glossy

A

matte

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79
Q

How did the invention of the paint tube transform the art of painting?

A

Artists no longer needed to mix their own pigments and could bring their paints outside the studio to paint in the open air.

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80
Q

The impact of the invention of the paint tube can be observed in the development of which artistic movement?

A

Impressionism

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81
Q

Who invented the first collapsible metal paint tube in 1841

A

John Rand, an american portrait painter

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82
Q

Oil paint traditionally uses what material as a binder?

A

linseed oil

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83
Q

This oilpainting technique involves painting the entire work in monochrome

A

grisaille

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84
Q

This is the final layer applied over an oil painting after it as dried, which gives the painting a glossy protective coating.

A

varnish

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85
Q

what is gesso

A

plaster, usually mixed with rabbit skin glue, which is applied to a canvas as a primer before the application of tempera

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86
Q

what is encaustic

A

a wax based paint

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87
Q

which ancient civilization used encaustic to paint grave markers

A

the egyptians

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88
Q

how is encaustic applied to a surface

A

molten wax is fused with the surface using hot irons

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89
Q

what is the most common waterbased paint

A

watercolor

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90
Q

casein is another water based paint that uses__as a binder

A

milk glue

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91
Q

water color is (opaque/transparent)

A

transparent

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92
Q

what are the advantages of gouache

A

it has more body than watercolor, dries slowly, creates brighter colors than watercolor and is useful for painting small details

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93
Q

This recently developed paint is made from synthetic materials and has a plastic binder

A

acrylic

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94
Q

oil paints became widely used during which era

A

the renaissance

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95
Q

true or false, in using watercolor, artists use white paint to make tint

A

false, artists will simply dilute the paint with more water to make tints

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96
Q

what is used as a binder in watercolor paint

A

gum arabic

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97
Q

in working with watercolor, the (lighter/darker) colors are applied first

A

lighter

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98
Q

what are the disadvantages of using watercolor

A

mistakes cannot be easily fixed, it lacks texture, it is difficult to learn, and it is rather unpredictable

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99
Q

name three advancements in technology since the renaissance that have improved painting

A

paint tubes, color theory, acrylic paint, and the use of synthetic material in paintbrushes.

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100
Q

when did artists begin to use canvas instead of wood panels for painting

A

artists began switching to canvas during the late renaissance. In fact, titian was one of the first to do this

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101
Q

who was the author of on the law of simultaneous colour contrast and the arrangement of coloured objects, written in 1839

A

eugene chevreul

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102
Q

what is print making

A

the process of producing multiple exact copies of an original design

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103
Q

what are the four main types of printmaking processes

A

relief, intaglio, lithography, and screen painting

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104
Q

4 powerful european rulers in the 17th and 18th centuries

A

empress maria theresa, peter the great, catherine the great, and louis XIV

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105
Q

jean jacques rousseau

A

enlightenment philosopher who protested the low standards of living of the peasantry

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106
Q

baroque

A

rich color and ornamentation in artworks from the baroque period

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107
Q

caravaggio

A

italian baroque painter renowned for use of chiaroscuro and naturalism

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108
Q

artemisia gentileschi

A

painter notable for her adaptation of caravaggios techniques

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109
Q

gianlorenzo bernini

A

17th century baroque sculptor, architect, painter, and draftsman known for the ecstasy of saint teresa

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110
Q

peter paul rubens

A

early 15th century painter known for his influential energetic and colorful works

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111
Q

francois boucher

A

18th century french painter influenced by jean antoine watteau depicting elegantly dressed nobles in the countryside

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112
Q

style that violated artistic subject-matter conventions

A

pop art

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113
Q

pop art icon whose work mocked the art world

A

Andy Warhol

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114
Q

pop artist who used comic book style illustration

A

Roy Lichenstein

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115
Q

pop artist who used industrial stencils in his art

A

Robert Indiana

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116
Q

artistic style that reduced art to bare essentials

A

Minimalism

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117
Q

acrylic paint and the airbrush

A

TWO innovations that enabled Minimalist “hard-edge painting”

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118
Q

Minimalist painter known for large, non-objective works

A

Frank Stella

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119
Q

David Smith and Don Flavin

A

TWO sculptors who created large abstract minimalist works

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120
Q

artistic style where subjects are depicted in sharp focus

A

Photorealism

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121
Q

TWO photorealist artists who revived Gustave Courbet’s Realism

A

Chuck Close and Duanne Hanson

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122
Q

two artists who “packaged” landscapes with fabric and plastic

A

Christo and Jeanne-Claude

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123
Q

Cristo, Jeanne-Claude, Michael Heizer, and Robert Smithson

A

four artists associated with Earthworks

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124
Q

style combining theatre and art where artists themselves become the work

A

Performance Art

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125
Q

20th-century artistic style reintroducing traditional elements o exaggerating Modernist ones

A

Postmodernist

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126
Q

the Great Wall

A

the most famous work of Ancient Chinese art

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127
Q

Chines emperor whose tomb contains a lifesized clay army

A

Qin

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128
Q

period of Chinese history often referred to as a “golden age”

A

Tang dynasty

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129
Q

number of languages and dialects spoken in INdia

A

over 1600

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130
Q

TWO religions with strong influences on Indian art

A

Buddhism and Hinduism

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131
Q

religion with strong influence on Japanese art

A

Buddhism

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132
Q

African nation containing some of the oldest examples of cave painting

A

Namibia

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133
Q

Civilization that arose in Nigeria around 500 BCE influenced the Yoruba

A

Nok

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134
Q

Nigerian civilization that produced cast bronze portrait heads and other ceremonial objects

A

Benin Kingdom

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135
Q

ceremonial African and Oceania art pieces intended for use in performances

A

masks

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136
Q

islands composing Polynesia, Melanesia, and Micronesia

A

Oceania

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137
Q

important expression of social structure in Polynesia

A

tatoos

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138
Q

cultural group in Melanesia who produced carved wooden shields

A

Asmat

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139
Q

location where Islam emerged

A

Arabian Peninsula

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140
Q

the holy book of Islam

A

the Quaran

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141
Q

formal analysis

A

analysis of the visual qualities of an artwork

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142
Q

What basic assumption informs formal analysis of art?

A

The artist makes decisions on the visual aspects of artwork that can reveal meaning of the piece.

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143
Q

What two skills are necessary for formal analysis?

A

observation and description

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144
Q

contextual analysis

A

looking outside of the artwork itself to determine its meaning

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145
Q

What four historical facts does contextual analysis examine?

A

cultural, social, religious, and economic context of an artwork

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146
Q

the Second New Deal

A

New Deal policies enacted in 1935 and later

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147
Q

THREE new deal agencies still in existence today

A

federal deposit insurance company, securities and exchange commission, and the social security system

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148
Q

political system that many people claimed FDR’s policies would lead to

A

communism

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149
Q

the Red Scare

A

fear of communism in the US post- russian revolution

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150
Q

russian revolution that began the red scare in the US

A

bolshevik’s revolution

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151
Q

man at the crossroads

A

diego rivera mural censored for its depiction of the bolshevik leader vladimir lenin

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152
Q

the rockefeller center

A

location of diego rivera’s man at the crossroads

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153
Q

jacques louis david

A

neoclassical french painter who painted the oath of the horatii and was involved in the french revoluton

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154
Q

two reasons for government art patronage

A

job creation and morale improvement

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155
Q

palace of versailles

A

french palace built under louis XIV exemplifying barquoe design and monarchial power

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156
Q

the paris salon

A

influential annual art exhibition run by the french academy until the 19th century

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157
Q

diego velazquez

A

17th century court painter of king philip IV of spain who influenced the impressionist movement

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158
Q

jean antoine watteau

A

17th century french painter who led the emerging rococo movement and development the fete galante

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159
Q

realism

A

style of painting emphasizing the use of all features of a subject

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160
Q

gustave courbet

A

leader of realist movement who painted the stonebreakers

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161
Q

neoclassism

A

style influenced by enlightenment philosophy and classical works that emerged shortly before the french revolution

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162
Q

jacques louis david

A

neoclassical french painter who painted the oath of the horatii and was involved in the french revoluton

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163
Q

How large are megaliths?

A

up to 17 feet tall and 50 tons in weight

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164
Q

What megalithic formation is the most well-known

A

stonehenge….im so lonely

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165
Q

where is stonehenge located

A

on salisbury plain

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166
Q

when was stonehenge built?

A

between 2000 and 1000 B.C.E.

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167
Q

Who is Joel?

A

me gusta

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168
Q

Jerusalem mosque that is one of the oldest examples of Islamic architecture

A

Dome of the Rock

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169
Q

FIVE civilizations that flourished in the pre -colonial Americas

A

Olmec, Toltec, Maya, Inca, and Aztec

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170
Q

SIX basic formal qualities of art

A

line, shape, form, space, color, and texture

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171
Q

the path of a point moving through space

A

line

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172
Q

a series of uninterrupted dots or lines that the eye connects

A

implied line

173
Q

neutrals

A

blacks, whites, greys

174
Q

lines that suggest a peaceful feeling

A

horizontal lines

175
Q

two types of lines that suggest a sense of activity

A

curved and jagged lines

176
Q

the two-dimensional area of an object

A

shape

177
Q

the three-dimensional representation of an object

A

form

178
Q

forms that can be defined mathematically and convey order and stability

A

geometric forms

179
Q

irregular forms that convey movement and rhythm

A

organic forms

180
Q

element of art related to the organization of objects and the areas around them

A

space (in art)

181
Q

space occupied by objects in an artwork

A

positive space

182
Q

space surrounding object in an artwork

A

negative space

183
Q

sculpture that can be viewed at any angle

A

freestanding sculptures

184
Q

sculpture that projects from a surface

A

relief sculpture

185
Q

visible borders of an object

A

contours

186
Q

FOUR techniques used to create a sense of perspective

A

shading and highlighting, placement behind or in front of other objects, size, and level of detail

187
Q

technique taking into account effects of airborne particles on appearance of distant objects

A

aerial/atmospheric perspective

188
Q

technique founded on the visual phenomenon of vanishing points

A

linear perspective

189
Q

name of a color

A

hue

190
Q

three primary colors

A

red, blue, yellow

191
Q

colors made by combining primary colors

A

secondary colors

192
Q

colors made by combining a secondary color with an adjacent primary color

A

tertiary colors

193
Q

visual representation of all hues

A

color wheel

194
Q

the lightness or darkness of a color or a neutral

A

value

195
Q

neutrals

A

blacks, whites, greys

196
Q

what materials are used in stonehenge

A

sarsen and “bluestones”

197
Q

two notable sculptures from the hellenistic period representing ideals of beauty

A

the Venus de Milo and the Laocoon Group

198
Q

stones indigenous to the region around stonehenge

A

bluestones

199
Q

what materials make up the outer ring of stonehenge

A

huge sarsen pieces arranged in post and lintel construction

200
Q

what makes up the second outermost ring of stonehenge

A

bluestones

201
Q

In all four printmaking processes, a latent image is created on a ___

A

printing plate

202
Q

which printmaking processes involve the carving of a design onto the surface of the printing plate

A

relief and intaglio printmaking

203
Q

name three types of material that are used for the plate in relief printmaking

A

wood, linoleum, and synthetic material

204
Q

in relief printmaking, what tool is used to roll ink over the surface of the printing plate

A

a brayer

205
Q

what tool is used to force the ink onto paper in relief and intaglio printmaking

A

a burnisher

206
Q

what is the register in relief printmaking

A

a device that lines up plates for printing

207
Q

what is a monotype

A

a combination of printmaking and painting in which an artist paints onto a printing plate and then transfers the impression onto paper

208
Q

this method of printmaking is much like relief printmaking, but works in the opposite manner

A

intaglio printmaking

209
Q

describe intaglio printmaking

A

the design is engraved into a wood or metal plate and en ink is laid into the grooves to print the image

210
Q

the process of cutting lines into the surface of a plate is called

A

engraving

211
Q

etching is an (relief/intaglio) process

A

intaglio

212
Q

describe the etching technique

A

the design is incised into a wax covered metal plate. the plate is then immersed in acid, which eats away at the exposed design. ink is then laid into the grooves create by the acid.

213
Q

what are the two main types of intaglio printmaking

A

engraving (non-acid) and etching (acid)

214
Q

what is drypoint

A

an intaglio technique that involves the scratching of the design onto the plate with a sharp point

215
Q

what is the difference between drypoint and engraving

A

drypoint makes incisions by scratching, while engraving does this by carving. Engraved lines are therefore smooth and hard while drypoint makes soft, fuzzy lines.

216
Q

what is burr

A

the raised metal left around the edge of a design in engraving or drypoint.

217
Q

what is mezzotint

A

mezzotint is an intaglio process in which the surface of a plate is roughened evenly. the image is then smoothed into the plate. this process is known for its ability to create high quality tone and shades.

218
Q

who invented mezzotint

A

prince rupert in 1649

219
Q

who invented lithography

A

alois senefelder in 1798

220
Q

describe the lithography process

A

the image is drawn onto the plate with a waxy pencil or crayon. the plate is the immersed in water, which remains only on the non-oily parts of the plate. the ink that is then applied only sticks to the oily design and resists the water. the image is then transferred to paper with a press.

221
Q

What five aspects of context may art historians examine?

A

patronage, viewer access, physical location, cost, and subject

222
Q

What assumption does art history make as it examine changes in style over time?

A

The work of one generation of artists will impact the next in the same cultural setting

223
Q

How do art historians often begin their analysis of a work of art?

A

close examination of the work

224
Q

Why is direct examination of a work better than examination of a reproduction?

A

many qualities of an artwork are lost by examining reproducing

225
Q

What three qualities of an artwork are lost when examine a reproduction?

A

size, texture, and some color quality

226
Q

Why might an art historian choose to examine a reproduction instead of the original work?

A

The original work may be damaged or lost

227
Q

What artistic sources may art historians examine to understand the context of an artwork?

A

associated studies such as sketches and other works by the same artist or contemporaries

228
Q

What three written sources may art historians use in contextual examination?

A

letters between the artist and patron, other documents regarding the artwork’s commission and art criticism

229
Q

What three factors may art historians consider when determining the context of a work?

A

cost of materials. the function of the work, and literature, music, theater, and history of the time

230
Q

What two methods may art historians use to immerse themselves in an artistic context?

A

interviews with artists an consumers of art and participant observation

231
Q

When did art history begin as an academic discipline?

A

the mid 18th century

232
Q

Which Roman historian sought to analyze historical and contemporary art?

A

Pliny the Elder

233
Q

What book, analyzing historical and contemporary art, did Pliny the Elder write?

A

Natural History

234
Q

Which Italian author and artist wrote The Lives of the Artists?

A

Giorgio Vasari

235
Q

Johann Joachim Wickelmann

A

Enlightenment scholar, shifted the focus of art history to study of stylistic development over time

236
Q

What aspect of art analysis received increasing emphasis in the 19th and 20th centuries?

A

the relationship between formal qualities of a work and its context

237
Q

What group has recently proposed a revised view of art history?

A

feminist art historians

238
Q

What have feminist historians noticed about traditional art history?

A

It tended to focus on white men

239
Q

How has art history as a discipline changed in response to revisionist views?

A

Art history has become more international, multicultural, and inclusive

240
Q

What major trend is observable in the changing focus of art history over time?

A

Artistic genius and individualism has diminished while “visual culture” has increased

241
Q

How have we gleaned most of our information about the earliest humans?

A

artifacts from earlier cultures

242
Q

Of what materials are most surviving accent artworks made?

A

stone, metal, or fired clay

243
Q

pop art

A

style that violated artistic subject-matter conventions

244
Q

Andy Warhol

A

pop art icon whose work mocked the art world

245
Q

Roy Lichenstein

A

pop artist who used comic-book style illustration

246
Q

Robert Indiana

A

pop artist who used industrial stencils in his art

247
Q

minimalism

A

artistic style that reduced art to bare essentials

248
Q

TWO innovations that enabled Minimalist “hard-edge painting”

A

acrylic paint and the airbrush

249
Q

Frank Stella

A

Minimalist painter known for large, non-objective works

250
Q

TWO sculptors who created large abstract minimalist works

A

David Smith and Dan Flavin

251
Q

Photorealism

A

artistic style where subject are depicted in strong focus

252
Q

TWO photorealist artist who revived Gustave Courbet’s Realism

A

Chuck Close and Duane Hanson

253
Q

Christo and Jeanne-Claude

A

two artists who “packaged” landscapes with fabric and plastic

254
Q

four artists associated with Earthworks

A

Christ, Jeanne-Claude, Michael Heizer and Robert Smithson

255
Q

Performance Art

A

style combining theater and art where artists themselves become the work

256
Q

Postmodernist

A

20th-century artistic style reintroducing traditional elements or exaggerating Modernist ones

257
Q

the most famous work of Ancient Chinese art

A

the Great Wall

258
Q

Chinese emperor whose tomb contains a life-sized clay army

A

Qin

259
Q

Tang dynasty

A

period of Chinese history often referred to as a “golden age”

260
Q

number of languages and dialects spoken in India

A

over 1600

261
Q

TWO religions with strong influences on Indian art

A

Buddhism and Hinduism

262
Q

religion with strong influence on Japanese art

A

Buddhism

263
Q

African nation containing some of the oldest examples of cave painting

A

Namibia

264
Q

Nok

A

civilization that arose in Nigeria around 500 B.C.E., influenced the Yoruba

265
Q

Benin Kingdom

A

Nigerian civilization that produced cast bronze portrait heads and other ceremonial objects

266
Q

ceremonial African and Oceania art pieces intended for use in performances

A

masks

267
Q

term used to Renaissance artists following Botticelli Donatello

A

High Renaissance artists

268
Q

what makes up the innermost ring of stonehenge

A

a horsehoe shaped row of five lintel topped sarsen stones

269
Q

where are the largest stones in stonehenge found

A

in the innermost ring

270
Q

where is the heel stone relative to stonehenge

A

in the east of stonehenge

271
Q

what does the heel stone mark in relation to stonehenge

A

the place where the sun rises on the midsummer solstice as seen from the center of stonehenge

272
Q

where is mesopotamia

A

the valley between the tigris and euphrates rivers

273
Q

what geographic characteristic weakened the mesopotamian civilizations

A

a lack of natural barriers to ward off invaders

274
Q

why do so few examples of mesopotamian art exist

A

mesopotamians used perishable materials and region witnessed much conflict and destruction

275
Q

jean dominique ingres

A

pupil of jacques louis david who exemplified neoclassical style

276
Q

eugene delacroix

A

painter and leaderof the romantic movement

277
Q

romanticism

A

style returning to the barquoe emphasis on emotional qualities

278
Q

3 important romantic artists

A

eugene deacroix william blake and theodore gericault

279
Q

realism

A

style of painting emphasizing the use of all features of a subject

280
Q

gustave courbet

A

leader of realist movement who painted the stonebreakers

281
Q

the brightness or purity of a color

A

intensity

282
Q

warm colors

A

red, orange, yellow

283
Q

cool colors

A

green, blue, violet

284
Q

the “true” color of an object

A

local color

285
Q

the effect that special lighting has on the colors of objects

A

optical color

286
Q

how things feel or how we think they would feel

A

texture

287
Q

organization of the elements of art

A

composition

288
Q

movement or pattern in a work of art

A

rhythm

289
Q

the two aspects of repetition

A

motif and pattern

290
Q

a single element of a pattern

A

motif

291
Q

equal distribution of visual weight in an artwork

A

balance

292
Q

slight variation of shapes or objects around the central axis

A

approximate symmetry

293
Q

visual balance of disparate objects

A

asymmetrical balance

294
Q

point where the eye tends to rest

A

focal point

295
Q

relationships between objects’ sizes in artwork

A

proportion

296
Q

FIVE drawing tools

A

pencil, pen, charcoal, crayon, felt-tip marker

297
Q

drawing technique used to change color values

A

shading

298
Q

shading with closely set parallel lines

A

hatching

299
Q

shading with crisscrossed lines

A

crosshatching

300
Q

shading with varying densities of small colored dots

A

stippling

301
Q

FOUR styles of printmaking

A

relief, intaglio, lithograph, and screen painting

302
Q

printing plate in which the image is created

A

matrix

303
Q

process where pieces of matrix are cut away so the image projects from the surface

A

relief printmaking

304
Q

tool used to apply ink to a plate

A

brayer

305
Q

TWO tools used to transfer ink from a plate to a page

A

printing press and burnisher

306
Q

an environemental artist must first do what before beginning a project?

A

recieve approval for his or her work from community and governmental agencies

307
Q

this environmental artist usedr rocks and algae to create a huge spiral in the great salt lake

A

robert smithson

308
Q

this environmental artist surrounded islands in florida with pink polyester and wrapped pont neuf of paris with plastic

A

christo

309
Q

this environmental artist is known for his ice sculptures and his arrangements of leaves and twigs floating on water

A

andy goldsworthy

310
Q

what structures are the greatest known works of the sumerian reestablishment period?

A

ziggurats built at city centers

311
Q

what THREE purposes did ziggurats serve?

A

temples, administrative, and economic centers

312
Q

which city state conquered Mesopotamia in 1792 BCE?

A

babylonia

313
Q

who was the king of babylonia during its conquest of mesopotamia?

A

Hammurabi

314
Q

what legal achievment was hammurabi’s enduring legacy?

A

he codified the babylonian law into the Code of Hammurabi

315
Q

what two works of art from hammurabi’s rule and best known today?

A

a stone steele engraved with hammurabi’s code and a relief sculpture of hammurabi

316
Q

where is the stone stele containing hammurabi’s code kept?

A

the lourve museum

317
Q

which civilization dominated northern mesopotamia from 900 to 600 bce?

A

the assyrians

318
Q

most notable medium of assyrian artwork

A

relief carvings

319
Q

civilization which controlled Mesopotamia between 612 and 538 bce

A

babylonians

320
Q

two important architectural constructs built during the Neo-Babylonian period

A

the hanging gardens and the Ishtar Gate

321
Q

architectural style that influenced the design of the palace at Persepolis

A

Egyptian

322
Q

four major works produced during the Ancient Egyptian period

A

Sphynx, pyramids of Giza, Pharoah statues, and head of Queen Nefertiti

323
Q

hierarchal scale

A

determining figures relative size in an artwork according to their social status

324
Q

egyptian artifact exemplyfying the use of hierarchal scale

A

the Palette of Kind Narmer

325
Q

function of Palette of King Narmer

A

mixing cosmetics

326
Q

main image of palette of king narmer

A

narmer holding the hair of a fallen enemy and preparing to deliver a death blow

327
Q

fractional representation

A

a method of presenting figures so that the body is shown as clearly as possible

328
Q

what burial practices did egyptians observe?

A

mummification and entombment with furnishings, jewelry, and servants

329
Q

egyptian king whose famously well hidden tomb was uncovered in 1922

A

tutankhamen

330
Q

kingdom that covered much of africa during the reign of ancient egypt

A

nubia

331
Q

cycladic

A

aegean culture that flourished from 3200 to 2000 bce in the cyclades

332
Q

minoan

A

aegean culture which supplanted the cycladic culture on crete, peaking around 1000 bce

333
Q

knossos

A

central city in minoan culture, believed to be the home of the minotaur

334
Q

minotaur

A

half man, half bull creature believed to have lived in a maze in knossos

335
Q

two major forms of minoan painting

A

frescoes on palace walls and pottery designs

336
Q

mycenaean

A

aegean culture whose rise coincided with the fall of the minoans

337
Q

mycenae

A

central city of the mycenaean culture

338
Q

material used in the best known mycenaean works of art

A

gold

339
Q

archaic period

A

period in history lasting from 660 to 475 bce

340
Q

two regions whose sculptures influenced archaic greek sculptures

A

egypt and mesopotamia

341
Q

two column styles used in archaic greek temple construction

A

doric and ionic

342
Q

corinthian style of pottery decoration

A

depicting figures against a floral ornamented background

343
Q

common column style used in early classical period temples

A

doric

344
Q

contrapposto, or counter positioning

A

greek pose invented to show the body to its best advantage

345
Q

middle classical period

A

art historical period following the early classical period

346
Q

late classical period

A

period in which architecture declined after athen’s defeat in the peloponnesian war

347
Q

corinthian column design

A

column design which became popluar in the late classical period

348
Q

hellenistic period

A

art historical period that saw increased influence of eastern civilizations on greek works

349
Q

two notable sculptures from the hellenistic period representing ideals of beauty

A

the Venus de Milo and the Lacoon Group

350
Q

italian civilization whose art represents a transistion from greek to roman artistic styles

A

Etruscan

351
Q

art medium for which etruscan civilization is largely known

A

tomb decoration

352
Q

two roman innovations in the fields pf architecture and engineering

A

concrete and curved arch

353
Q

two surviving buildings that exemplify roman engineering genius

A

the colosseum and the pantheon

354
Q

type of sculpture adorning roman triumphal arches and tombs

A

relief sculpture

355
Q

impressionism

A

style of that grew out of dissatisfaction with strict salon rules

356
Q

edouard manet

A

predecessor of the impressionists juxtaposing bright contrasting colors in his work

357
Q

which civilization lived in mesopotamia from 4000 to 2340 B.C.E.

A

the sumerians

358
Q

what wads the central aspect of sumerian life

A

religion

359
Q

temple like structures that developed out of mesoptamian platforms

A

ziggurats

360
Q

who took over sumer around 2340 BCE

A

Sargon of akkad

361
Q

how did the akkadians deal with sumerian culture

A

assimilation

362
Q

what was the akkadean equivalent of sumerian loyalty

A

loyalty to the kin g

363
Q

who overthrew the akkadians around 2150 BCE

A

the guti

364
Q

how did the akkadian loyalty to the king affect akkadian art

A

akkadians erected sculptures of their rulers

365
Q

who took control of sumer about 60 years after the guti invasion

A

sumerians

366
Q

who was named king when the summering retook control of sumer

A

king ur

367
Q

what is joel delong’s middle name

A

fabio

368
Q

what did the dog say to the tree

A

bark

369
Q

why did the chicken cross the street

A

idk

370
Q

what does everyone love…. to eat

A

poop

371
Q

Italian city which contain Byzantine mosaic walls

A

Ravenna

372
Q

Constantinople building considered on of the greatest architectural achievements in history

A

the Hagia Sophia

373
Q

central institution in medieval society

A

the Church

374
Q

two materials used as paper during the medieval period

A

vellum and parchment

375
Q

two notable medieval illuminated manuscripts

A

the Book of Kells and the Coronation Gospels

376
Q

medieval culture noted for metalwork

A

nomadic Germanic peoples

377
Q

Medieval culture noted for woodwork

A

Vikings

378
Q

hybrid artistic style created in Viking invasions of England and Ireland

A

Hiberno-Saxon

379
Q

Romanesque churches

A

churches based around Roman arches, built in the early part of the late Medieval

380
Q

barrel vault

A

tunnel of arches used in Romanesque churches

381
Q

vault

A

arch-shaped structure used as a ceiling or roof000

support

382
Q

architectural style commonly used in churches that developed in the early 12th century

A

Gothic style

383
Q

ribbed vault

A

framework stone ribs under the intersection of vaulted ceiling sections

384
Q

flying buttresses

A

additional bracing material and arches placed on the exterior of buildings

385
Q

Giotto di Bondone

A

early Renasiassance FLorentine artist best known for his frescoes

386
Q

primary patrons of art during the Renaissance

A

wealthy families

387
Q

social class including painters and sculptors that was looked down upon until the REnaissance

A

artisans

388
Q

Lorenzo Ghiberti

A

sculptor who won a FLoretine competition in 1400 to design doors of a new baptistery

389
Q

Filippo Brunelleschi

A

Florentine sculptor and architect who helped develop linear perspective

390
Q

development in perspective created by Filippo

A

linear (single vanishing point) perspective

391
Q

Massaccio

A

Renaissance painter known for using linear and aerial perspective

392
Q

Donatello

A

Renaissance artist widely considered the founder of modern sculpture

393
Q

The Birth of Venus

A

painting by Botticelli that established an enduring image of female beauty

394
Q

How do environmental factors influence the preservation of artifacts?

A

Dry climates delicate materials while humid areas cause them to deteriorate

395
Q

Why has art history tended to focus on Western art?

A

Western areas have the best preserved and most easily accessible artworks

396
Q

Where is the Chauvet Cave?

A

Southeastern France

397
Q

When were the Chauvet Cave paintings made?

A

30,000 BCE

398
Q

When were the Chauvet Cave paintings discovered?

A

1994

399
Q

What two materials were used in the Chauvet Cave paintings?

A

red ochre and black charcoal

400
Q

What five animals are depicted in the Chauvet Cave paintings?

A

horses, rhinoceros, lions, buffalos, and mammoths

401
Q

In what age were the Chauvet Cave paintings created?

A

The Old Stone Age

402
Q

In what two countries have cave paintings been discovered?

A

France and Spain

403
Q

Where are the most famous later cave paintings found?

A

Lascaux and Altamira

404
Q

When were the later cave paintings created?

A

c. 13,000-11,000 BCE

405
Q

Wht opinion did scholars originally hold towards the cave paintings?

A

They were considered scribbling by primitive cavemen

406
Q

What belief do scholars now hold about the cave paintings?

A

They were created by skilled artists and served ritual functions

407
Q

What artwork is the most famous OLd Stone Age fertility sculpture?

A

Venus (or Woman) of Willendorf

408
Q

edouard manet

A

predecessor of the impressionists, juxtaposing bright, contrasting colors in his works

409
Q

claude monet

A

impressionist painter who inspired the movement’s name with his painting impression sunrise

410
Q

4 notable impressionist painters

A

edouard manet, claude monet, camille pissaro and alfred sisley

411
Q

paul cezanne

A

influential post-impressionist painter who redefined art in terms of form and influenced cubism

412
Q

post-impressionism

A

style partly influenced by impressionism, that emphasized vivid colors

413
Q

georges seurat

A

post-impressionist painter who emphasized the scientific rules of color and developed optical mixing techniques

414
Q

vincent van gogh

A

artist used color to portray emotions, paint night cafe

415
Q

paul gauguin

A

painter who emphasized intense color in his works

416
Q

2 inventions that6 allowed impressionists to paint outdoors

A

chemical-based paints and the paint tube

417
Q

invention that questioned the ned to capture reality in painting

A

camera

418
Q

edgar degas

A

impressionist painter influenced by japanese art

419
Q

pre-raphaelites

A

artists who returned to simple, pre-renaissance styles

420
Q

art nouveau

A

style of decor, architecture and design popular in the late 19th and early 20th centuries

421
Q

henri matisse

A

leader of fauves movement that used highly intense, arbitrary colors

422
Q

cubism

A

style art influenced by african art that used form in new ways

423
Q

2 artists who developed the cubist style

A

pablo picasso and georges braque

424
Q

die brucke

A

group of german artists who combined fauvist color with emotional intensity

425
Q

2 german artists included in die brucke

A

ernst ludwig kirchner and emile nolde

426
Q

expressionism

A

artistic style that attempted to express abstract consciousness

427
Q

der blaue reiter

A

german expressionist group led by vasily kandinsky that painted completely abstract works

428
Q

2 pioneering artists who used total abstraction

A

kazimir malevich

429
Q

global development that helped shift the focus of the art world from paris to new york

A

WWI

430
Q

first major showing of modern art in the united states

A

the armory show

431
Q

nude descending staircase

A

marcel duchamp painting shown at the armory show

Academic Decathlon (35 decks)

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