Art Flashcards
0
Q
intalgio printmaking
A
process where lines are inscribed into the matrix
1
Q
2 regions where the Catholic Church sought to maintain its dominance during the baroque era
A
Spain and Italy
2
Q
Jesuits
A
Organization founded to convert non-Europeans to Catholicism
3
Q
what is a flying buttress?
A
flying buttresses are external arches used in medieval cathedrals that allow for higher celings and window openings by counterbalancing the outward thrust of high, vaulted cielings.
4
Q
name the three main orders of ancient greek architecture.
A
doric, ionic, and corinthian
5
Q
which of the greek orders is the simplest?
A
doric
6
Q
which of the three ancient greek orders is the most elaborate?
A
corinthian
7
Q
what two materials are most commonly used for the construction of residential homes?
A
wood and brick
8
Q
what two materials are most commonly used for hte construction of large commercial buildings?
A
steel and concrete
9
Q
what are the three parts of the entablature in a greek temple?
A
the architrave, frieze, and cornice
10
Q
what material was used to construct the eiffel tower?
A
wrought iron
11
Q
the colosseum in rome is and example of what architectural feature?
A
the vault
12
Q
the arch, the vault, and dome are similar in that all three features seek to stretch the boundaries of architecture by ____?
A
allowing for greater height and more space inside a building
13
Q
what is a colonnade?
A
an arrangement of evenly-spaced columns that supports the entablature, arch, or roof.
14
Q
name the two main orders of roman architecture
A
tuscan (a variant of the doric order) and composite (a combination of the ionic and corinthan oders)
15
Q
this spanish architect is famous for his unique, organic shaped buildings made of stone
A
Antonio Gaudi
16
Q
modern architects have tried to design buildings that are composed of (geometric/organic) shapes.
A
organic
17
Q
who designed the first skyscraper?
A
louis sullivan, who designed the wainwright building in st. louis
18
Q
This building was constructed in London in 1851 and consisted mainly of glass walls held together by slim iron rods.
A
the crystal palace, which was built for the world’s fair in London.
19
Q
what is environmental art?
A
art that makes use of the environment in which it is installed
20
Q
when did environmental art first emerge?
A
the 1960s
21
Q
true/false: environmental art is usually small in scale
A
false. it is usually large in scale
22
Q
name a few characteristics of environmental art according to USAD
A
Large in scale, constructed on site, and only temporary.
23
Q
true/false: environmental art often requires participation from the viewer
A
true
24
engraving
intalgio process using carving tools to directly inscribe lines into a matrix
25
etching
intalgio process using acid to etch grooves into exposed matrix
26
lithography
process where ink is applied to a wax image drawn on the matrix
27
screen prints
process where an image is transferred to a fabric frame and acts as a stencil
28
THREE materials comprising paint
pigments, binders, and solvents
29
fresco
technique where water-based paints are applied to wet plaster
30
tempera
water-based paint with egg binder that draws quickly and has a narrow tonal range
31
region of the US struck with drought during the Great Depression
the Midwest
32
encaustic
wax-based paint fused to surfaces with hot irons
33
gouache
water-based paint similar to tempera
34
watercolor
water-based paint tinted by adding water instead of white paint
35
acrylic paint
synthetic paint developed after World War II
36
FOUR basic methods of sculptures
carving modeling, casting, and construction
37
carving
removing original material to create a sculpture
38
modeling
adding materials to a surface to create a sculpture
39
casting
creating a plaster mold used to replicate the original sculpture
40
Alexander Calder
sculptor who created mobiles whose parts are moved by wind
41
environmental art/Earthworks
large sculpture that redefines the space where it is created
42
mixed media
artworks that use several art media
43
FIVE craft products that have come to be recognized as art forms
pottery, jewelry, fibers, glass, and wooden objects
44
pottery
craft medium, using natural materials such as clay
45
slip
liquid clay used to join edges of clay pieces
46
kiln
oven used to remove all moisture from a clay piece
47
TWO fiber art forms
weaving and quilting
48
architecture
the design and construction of buildings
49
post-and-lintel construction
technique where a beam is placed horizontally across another two beams
50
FOUR key inventions in architecture
post- and -lintel, the arc, the vault, and the dome
51
the great Depression
global economic crisis triggered by the 1929 US stock market crash
52
SIX factors determining how individuals were affected by the Great Depression
social and finance status, education, race, gender, and location
53
economic sector experiencing the most severe unemployment during the Great Depression
industrial sector
54
region of the US struck with drought during the Great Depression
the Midwest
55
What goal does a study of art history try to achieve?
to understand art and its meaning in its historical context
56
What four factors are considered in the study of a work of art?
formal qualities, function, artist and patron goals, and audience
57
To what three disciplines is art history closely related
anthropology, history, and sociology
58
With which two fields does art history sometimes overlap?
Aesthetics and criticism
59
Aesthetics
the philosophy inquiry into the nature and expression of beauty
60
art criticism
the explanation occurrent art events to the public via the press
61
What types of media do modern art historians consider "art"?
visual material with meaning or aesthetic appeal
62
On what kind of art did past art historians primarily focus?
fine art
63
What five media types qualify as fine arts?
paintings, prints, drawings, sculpture architecture
64
What types of artwork dismissed by earlier art historians are now included in our definition of "art"?
crafts
65
What three types of artworks are considered crafts?
textiles, pottery, and body art
66
What four objects are sometimes included in art history that may not be considered art by their audience?
mass-produced posters and advertisements, telephones, forks, and furniture
67
True or False: Art historians acknowledge that the meaning if a work of art varies for different viewers and time periods.
true; different time periods and people of different social class may interpret a work differently.
68
What two modes are used in historical analysis of art?
formal analysis and contextual analysis
69
largest patron of visual arts, theater, and literature during the Great Depression
the government
70
John Steinbeck
author of The Grapes of Wrath
71
institution which society trusted to resolve the problems of the Great Depression
the government
72
New Deal policies
depression-era governmental policies intended to help the economy, supported the arts and literature
73
Franklin D. Roosevelt
32nd president of the US 1933-1945 who enacted New Deal policies
74
Herbert Hoover
31st president of US, predecessor of Roosevelt
75
the First New Deal
New Deal policies enacted in 1933 under FD Roosevelt
76
What are the effects of adding a glaze to an oil painting?
Adding a glaze can give the painting a luminous glow that tempera cannot achieve.
77
What is the benefit of the slow drying time of oil paints?
Artists can continue working on an oil painting over a long period of time.
78
The opposite of glossy
matte
79
How did the invention of the paint tube transform the art of painting?
Artists no longer needed to mix their own pigments and could bring their paints outside the studio to paint in the open air.
80
The impact of the invention of the paint tube can be observed in the development of which artistic movement?
Impressionism
81
Who invented the first collapsible metal paint tube in 1841
John Rand, an american portrait painter
82
Oil paint traditionally uses what material as a binder?
linseed oil
83
This oilpainting technique involves painting the entire work in monochrome
grisaille
84
This is the final layer applied over an oil painting after it as dried, which gives the painting a glossy protective coating.
varnish
85
what is gesso
plaster, usually mixed with rabbit skin glue, which is applied to a canvas as a primer before the application of tempera
86
what is encaustic
a wax based paint
87
which ancient civilization used encaustic to paint grave markers
the egyptians
88
how is encaustic applied to a surface
molten wax is fused with the surface using hot irons
89
what is the most common waterbased paint
watercolor
90
casein is another water based paint that uses__as a binder
milk glue
91
water color is (opaque/transparent)
transparent
92
what are the advantages of gouache
it has more body than watercolor, dries slowly, creates brighter colors than watercolor and is useful for painting small details
93
This recently developed paint is made from synthetic materials and has a plastic binder
acrylic
94
oil paints became widely used during which era
the renaissance
95
true or false, in using watercolor, artists use white paint to make tint
false, artists will simply dilute the paint with more water to make tints
96
what is used as a binder in watercolor paint
gum arabic
97
in working with watercolor, the (lighter/darker) colors are applied first
lighter
98
what are the disadvantages of using watercolor
mistakes cannot be easily fixed, it lacks texture, it is difficult to learn, and it is rather unpredictable
99
name three advancements in technology since the renaissance that have improved painting
paint tubes, color theory, acrylic paint, and the use of synthetic material in paintbrushes.
100
when did artists begin to use canvas instead of wood panels for painting
artists began switching to canvas during the late renaissance. In fact, titian was one of the first to do this
101
who was the author of on the law of simultaneous colour contrast and the arrangement of coloured objects, written in 1839
eugene chevreul
102
what is print making
the process of producing multiple exact copies of an original design
103
what are the four main types of printmaking processes
relief, intaglio, lithography, and screen painting
104
4 powerful european rulers in the 17th and 18th centuries
empress maria theresa, peter the great, catherine the great, and louis XIV
105
jean jacques rousseau
enlightenment philosopher who protested the low standards of living of the peasantry
106
baroque
rich color and ornamentation in artworks from the baroque period
107
caravaggio
italian baroque painter renowned for use of chiaroscuro and naturalism
108
artemisia gentileschi
painter notable for her adaptation of caravaggios techniques
109
gianlorenzo bernini
17th century baroque sculptor, architect, painter, and draftsman known for the ecstasy of saint teresa
110
peter paul rubens
early 15th century painter known for his influential energetic and colorful works
111
francois boucher
18th century french painter influenced by jean antoine watteau depicting elegantly dressed nobles in the countryside
112
style that violated artistic subject-matter conventions
pop art
113
pop art icon whose work mocked the art world
Andy Warhol
114
pop artist who used comic book style illustration
Roy Lichenstein
115
pop artist who used industrial stencils in his art
Robert Indiana
116
artistic style that reduced art to bare essentials
Minimalism
117
acrylic paint and the airbrush
TWO innovations that enabled Minimalist "hard-edge painting"
118
Minimalist painter known for large, non-objective works
Frank Stella
119
David Smith and Don Flavin
TWO sculptors who created large abstract minimalist works
120
artistic style where subjects are depicted in sharp focus
Photorealism
121
TWO photorealist artists who revived Gustave Courbet's Realism
Chuck Close and Duanne Hanson
122
two artists who "packaged" landscapes with fabric and plastic
Christo and Jeanne-Claude
123
Cristo, Jeanne-Claude, Michael Heizer, and Robert Smithson
four artists associated with Earthworks
124
style combining theatre and art where artists themselves become the work
Performance Art
125
20th-century artistic style reintroducing traditional elements o exaggerating Modernist ones
Postmodernist
126
the Great Wall
the most famous work of Ancient Chinese art
127
Chines emperor whose tomb contains a lifesized clay army
Qin
128
period of Chinese history often referred to as a "golden age"
Tang dynasty
129
number of languages and dialects spoken in INdia
over 1600
130
TWO religions with strong influences on Indian art
Buddhism and Hinduism
131
religion with strong influence on Japanese art
Buddhism
132
African nation containing some of the oldest examples of cave painting
Namibia
133
Civilization that arose in Nigeria around 500 BCE influenced the Yoruba
Nok
134
Nigerian civilization that produced cast bronze portrait heads and other ceremonial objects
Benin Kingdom
135
ceremonial African and Oceania art pieces intended for use in performances
masks
136
islands composing Polynesia, Melanesia, and Micronesia
Oceania
137
important expression of social structure in Polynesia
tatoos
138
cultural group in Melanesia who produced carved wooden shields
Asmat
139
location where Islam emerged
Arabian Peninsula
140
the holy book of Islam
the Quaran
141
formal analysis
analysis of the visual qualities of an artwork
142
What basic assumption informs formal analysis of art?
The artist makes decisions on the visual aspects of artwork that can reveal meaning of the piece.
143
What two skills are necessary for formal analysis?
observation and description
144
contextual analysis
looking outside of the artwork itself to determine its meaning
145
What four historical facts does contextual analysis examine?
cultural, social, religious, and economic context of an artwork
146
the Second New Deal
New Deal policies enacted in 1935 and later
147
THREE new deal agencies still in existence today
federal deposit insurance company, securities and exchange commission, and the social security system
148
political system that many people claimed FDR's policies would lead to
communism
149
the Red Scare
fear of communism in the US post- russian revolution
150
russian revolution that began the red scare in the US
bolshevik's revolution
151
man at the crossroads
diego rivera mural censored for its depiction of the bolshevik leader vladimir lenin
152
the rockefeller center
location of diego rivera's man at the crossroads
153
jacques louis david
neoclassical french painter who painted the oath of the horatii and was involved in the french revoluton
154
two reasons for government art patronage
job creation and morale improvement
155
palace of versailles
french palace built under louis XIV exemplifying barquoe design and monarchial power
156
the paris salon
influential annual art exhibition run by the french academy until the 19th century
157
diego velazquez
17th century court painter of king philip IV of spain who influenced the impressionist movement
158
jean antoine watteau
17th century french painter who led the emerging rococo movement and development the fete galante
159
realism
style of painting emphasizing the use of all features of a subject
160
gustave courbet
leader of realist movement who painted the stonebreakers
161
neoclassism
style influenced by enlightenment philosophy and classical works that emerged shortly before the french revolution
162
jacques louis david
neoclassical french painter who painted the oath of the horatii and was involved in the french revoluton
163
How large are megaliths?
up to 17 feet tall and 50 tons in weight
164
What megalithic formation is the most well-known
stonehenge....im so lonely
165
where is stonehenge located
on salisbury plain
166
when was stonehenge built?
between 2000 and 1000 B.C.E.
167
Who is Joel?
me gusta
168
Jerusalem mosque that is one of the oldest examples of Islamic architecture
Dome of the Rock
169
FIVE civilizations that flourished in the pre -colonial Americas
Olmec, Toltec, Maya, Inca, and Aztec
170
SIX basic formal qualities of art
line, shape, form, space, color, and texture
171
the path of a point moving through space
line
172
a series of uninterrupted dots or lines that the eye connects
implied line
173
neutrals
blacks, whites, greys
174
lines that suggest a peaceful feeling
horizontal lines
175
two types of lines that suggest a sense of activity
curved and jagged lines
176
the two-dimensional area of an object
shape
177
the three-dimensional representation of an object
form
178
forms that can be defined mathematically and convey order and stability
geometric forms
179
irregular forms that convey movement and rhythm
organic forms
180
element of art related to the organization of objects and the areas around them
space (in art)
181
space occupied by objects in an artwork
positive space
182
space surrounding object in an artwork
negative space
183
sculpture that can be viewed at any angle
freestanding sculptures
184
sculpture that projects from a surface
relief sculpture
185
visible borders of an object
contours
186
FOUR techniques used to create a sense of perspective
shading and highlighting, placement behind or in front of other objects, size, and level of detail
187
technique taking into account effects of airborne particles on appearance of distant objects
aerial/atmospheric perspective
188
technique founded on the visual phenomenon of vanishing points
linear perspective
189
name of a color
hue
190
three primary colors
red, blue, yellow
191
colors made by combining primary colors
secondary colors
192
colors made by combining a secondary color with an adjacent primary color
tertiary colors
193
visual representation of all hues
color wheel
194
the lightness or darkness of a color or a neutral
value
195
neutrals
blacks, whites, greys
196
what materials are used in stonehenge
sarsen and "bluestones"
197
two notable sculptures from the hellenistic period representing ideals of beauty
the Venus de Milo and the Laocoon Group
198
stones indigenous to the region around stonehenge
bluestones
199
what materials make up the outer ring of stonehenge
huge sarsen pieces arranged in post and lintel construction
200
what makes up the second outermost ring of stonehenge
bluestones
201
In all four printmaking processes, a latent image is created on a ___
printing plate
202
which printmaking processes involve the carving of a design onto the surface of the printing plate
relief and intaglio printmaking
203
name three types of material that are used for the plate in relief printmaking
wood, linoleum, and synthetic material
204
in relief printmaking, what tool is used to roll ink over the surface of the printing plate
a brayer
205
what tool is used to force the ink onto paper in relief and intaglio printmaking
a burnisher
206
what is the register in relief printmaking
a device that lines up plates for printing
207
what is a monotype
a combination of printmaking and painting in which an artist paints onto a printing plate and then transfers the impression onto paper
208
this method of printmaking is much like relief printmaking, but works in the opposite manner
intaglio printmaking
209
describe intaglio printmaking
the design is engraved into a wood or metal plate and en ink is laid into the grooves to print the image
210
the process of cutting lines into the surface of a plate is called
engraving
211
etching is an (relief/intaglio) process
intaglio
212
describe the etching technique
the design is incised into a wax covered metal plate. the plate is then immersed in acid, which eats away at the exposed design. ink is then laid into the grooves create by the acid.
213
what are the two main types of intaglio printmaking
engraving (non-acid) and etching (acid)
214
what is drypoint
an intaglio technique that involves the scratching of the design onto the plate with a sharp point
215
what is the difference between drypoint and engraving
drypoint makes incisions by scratching, while engraving does this by carving. Engraved lines are therefore smooth and hard while drypoint makes soft, fuzzy lines.
216
what is burr
the raised metal left around the edge of a design in engraving or drypoint.
217
what is mezzotint
mezzotint is an intaglio process in which the surface of a plate is roughened evenly. the image is then smoothed into the plate. this process is known for its ability to create high quality tone and shades.
218
who invented mezzotint
prince rupert in 1649
219
who invented lithography
alois senefelder in 1798
220
describe the lithography process
the image is drawn onto the plate with a waxy pencil or crayon. the plate is the immersed in water, which remains only on the non-oily parts of the plate. the ink that is then applied only sticks to the oily design and resists the water. the image is then transferred to paper with a press.
221
What five aspects of context may art historians examine?
patronage, viewer access, physical location, cost, and subject
222
What assumption does art history make as it examine changes in style over time?
The work of one generation of artists will impact the next in the same cultural setting
223
How do art historians often begin their analysis of a work of art?
close examination of the work
224
Why is direct examination of a work better than examination of a reproduction?
many qualities of an artwork are lost by examining reproducing
225
What three qualities of an artwork are lost when examine a reproduction?
size, texture, and some color quality
226
Why might an art historian choose to examine a reproduction instead of the original work?
The original work may be damaged or lost
227
What artistic sources may art historians examine to understand the context of an artwork?
associated studies such as sketches and other works by the same artist or contemporaries
228
What three written sources may art historians use in contextual examination?
letters between the artist and patron, other documents regarding the artwork's commission and art criticism
229
What three factors may art historians consider when determining the context of a work?
cost of materials. the function of the work, and literature, music, theater, and history of the time
230
What two methods may art historians use to immerse themselves in an artistic context?
interviews with artists an consumers of art and participant observation
231
When did art history begin as an academic discipline?
the mid 18th century
232
Which Roman historian sought to analyze historical and contemporary art?
Pliny the Elder
233
What book, analyzing historical and contemporary art, did Pliny the Elder write?
Natural History
234
Which Italian author and artist wrote The Lives of the Artists?
Giorgio Vasari
235
Johann Joachim Wickelmann
Enlightenment scholar, shifted the focus of art history to study of stylistic development over time
236
What aspect of art analysis received increasing emphasis in the 19th and 20th centuries?
the relationship between formal qualities of a work and its context
237
What group has recently proposed a revised view of art history?
feminist art historians
238
What have feminist historians noticed about traditional art history?
It tended to focus on white men
239
How has art history as a discipline changed in response to revisionist views?
Art history has become more international, multicultural, and inclusive
240
What major trend is observable in the changing focus of art history over time?
Artistic genius and individualism has diminished while "visual culture" has increased
241
How have we gleaned most of our information about the earliest humans?
artifacts from earlier cultures
242
Of what materials are most surviving accent artworks made?
stone, metal, or fired clay
243
pop art
style that violated artistic subject-matter conventions
244
Andy Warhol
pop art icon whose work mocked the art world
245
Roy Lichenstein
pop artist who used comic-book style illustration
246
Robert Indiana
pop artist who used industrial stencils in his art
247
minimalism
artistic style that reduced art to bare essentials
248
TWO innovations that enabled Minimalist "hard-edge painting"
acrylic paint and the airbrush
249
Frank Stella
Minimalist painter known for large, non-objective works
250
TWO sculptors who created large abstract minimalist works
David Smith and Dan Flavin
251
Photorealism
artistic style where subject are depicted in strong focus
252
TWO photorealist artist who revived Gustave Courbet's Realism
Chuck Close and Duane Hanson
253
Christo and Jeanne-Claude
two artists who "packaged" landscapes with fabric and plastic
254
four artists associated with Earthworks
Christ, Jeanne-Claude, Michael Heizer and Robert Smithson
255
Performance Art
style combining theater and art where artists themselves become the work
256
Postmodernist
20th-century artistic style reintroducing traditional elements or exaggerating Modernist ones
257
the most famous work of Ancient Chinese art
the Great Wall
258
Chinese emperor whose tomb contains a life-sized clay army
Qin
259
Tang dynasty
period of Chinese history often referred to as a "golden age"
260
number of languages and dialects spoken in India
over 1600
261
TWO religions with strong influences on Indian art
Buddhism and Hinduism
262
religion with strong influence on Japanese art
Buddhism
263
African nation containing some of the oldest examples of cave painting
Namibia
264
Nok
civilization that arose in Nigeria around 500 B.C.E., influenced the Yoruba
265
Benin Kingdom
Nigerian civilization that produced cast bronze portrait heads and other ceremonial objects
266
ceremonial African and Oceania art pieces intended for use in performances
masks
267
term used to Renaissance artists following Botticelli Donatello
High Renaissance artists
268
what makes up the innermost ring of stonehenge
a horsehoe shaped row of five lintel topped sarsen stones
269
where are the largest stones in stonehenge found
in the innermost ring
270
where is the heel stone relative to stonehenge
in the east of stonehenge
271
what does the heel stone mark in relation to stonehenge
the place where the sun rises on the midsummer solstice as seen from the center of stonehenge
272
where is mesopotamia
the valley between the tigris and euphrates rivers
273
what geographic characteristic weakened the mesopotamian civilizations
a lack of natural barriers to ward off invaders
274
why do so few examples of mesopotamian art exist
mesopotamians used perishable materials and region witnessed much conflict and destruction
275
jean dominique ingres
pupil of jacques louis david who exemplified neoclassical style
276
eugene delacroix
painter and leaderof the romantic movement
277
romanticism
style returning to the barquoe emphasis on emotional qualities
278
3 important romantic artists
eugene deacroix william blake and theodore gericault
279
realism
style of painting emphasizing the use of all features of a subject
280
gustave courbet
leader of realist movement who painted the stonebreakers
281
the brightness or purity of a color
intensity
282
warm colors
red, orange, yellow
283
cool colors
green, blue, violet
284
the "true" color of an object
local color
285
the effect that special lighting has on the colors of objects
optical color
286
how things feel or how we think they would feel
texture
287
organization of the elements of art
composition
288
movement or pattern in a work of art
rhythm
289
the two aspects of repetition
motif and pattern
290
a single element of a pattern
motif
291
equal distribution of visual weight in an artwork
balance
292
slight variation of shapes or objects around the central axis
approximate symmetry
293
visual balance of disparate objects
asymmetrical balance
294
point where the eye tends to rest
focal point
295
relationships between objects' sizes in artwork
proportion
296
FIVE drawing tools
pencil, pen, charcoal, crayon, felt-tip marker
297
drawing technique used to change color values
shading
298
shading with closely set parallel lines
hatching
299
shading with crisscrossed lines
crosshatching
300
shading with varying densities of small colored dots
stippling
301
FOUR styles of printmaking
relief, intaglio, lithograph, and screen painting
302
printing plate in which the image is created
matrix
303
process where pieces of matrix are cut away so the image projects from the surface
relief printmaking
304
tool used to apply ink to a plate
brayer
305
TWO tools used to transfer ink from a plate to a page
printing press and burnisher
306
an environemental artist must first do what before beginning a project?
recieve approval for his or her work from community and governmental agencies
307
this environmental artist usedr rocks and algae to create a huge spiral in the great salt lake
robert smithson
308
this environmental artist surrounded islands in florida with pink polyester and wrapped pont neuf of paris with plastic
christo
309
this environmental artist is known for his ice sculptures and his arrangements of leaves and twigs floating on water
andy goldsworthy
310
what structures are the greatest known works of the sumerian reestablishment period?
ziggurats built at city centers
311
what THREE purposes did ziggurats serve?
temples, administrative, and economic centers
312
which city state conquered Mesopotamia in 1792 BCE?
babylonia
313
who was the king of babylonia during its conquest of mesopotamia?
Hammurabi
314
what legal achievment was hammurabi's enduring legacy?
he codified the babylonian law into the Code of Hammurabi
315
what two works of art from hammurabi's rule and best known today?
a stone steele engraved with hammurabi's code and a relief sculpture of hammurabi
316
where is the stone stele containing hammurabi's code kept?
the lourve museum
317
which civilization dominated northern mesopotamia from 900 to 600 bce?
the assyrians
318
most notable medium of assyrian artwork
relief carvings
319
civilization which controlled Mesopotamia between 612 and 538 bce
babylonians
320
two important architectural constructs built during the Neo-Babylonian period
the hanging gardens and the Ishtar Gate
321
architectural style that influenced the design of the palace at Persepolis
Egyptian
322
four major works produced during the Ancient Egyptian period
Sphynx, pyramids of Giza, Pharoah statues, and head of Queen Nefertiti
323
hierarchal scale
determining figures relative size in an artwork according to their social status
324
egyptian artifact exemplyfying the use of hierarchal scale
the Palette of Kind Narmer
325
function of Palette of King Narmer
mixing cosmetics
326
main image of palette of king narmer
narmer holding the hair of a fallen enemy and preparing to deliver a death blow
327
fractional representation
a method of presenting figures so that the body is shown as clearly as possible
328
what burial practices did egyptians observe?
mummification and entombment with furnishings, jewelry, and servants
329
egyptian king whose famously well hidden tomb was uncovered in 1922
tutankhamen
330
kingdom that covered much of africa during the reign of ancient egypt
nubia
331
cycladic
aegean culture that flourished from 3200 to 2000 bce in the cyclades
332
minoan
aegean culture which supplanted the cycladic culture on crete, peaking around 1000 bce
333
knossos
central city in minoan culture, believed to be the home of the minotaur
334
minotaur
half man, half bull creature believed to have lived in a maze in knossos
335
two major forms of minoan painting
frescoes on palace walls and pottery designs
336
mycenaean
aegean culture whose rise coincided with the fall of the minoans
337
mycenae
central city of the mycenaean culture
338
material used in the best known mycenaean works of art
gold
339
archaic period
period in history lasting from 660 to 475 bce
340
two regions whose sculptures influenced archaic greek sculptures
egypt and mesopotamia
341
two column styles used in archaic greek temple construction
doric and ionic
342
corinthian style of pottery decoration
depicting figures against a floral ornamented background
343
common column style used in early classical period temples
doric
344
contrapposto, or counter positioning
greek pose invented to show the body to its best advantage
345
middle classical period
art historical period following the early classical period
346
late classical period
period in which architecture declined after athen's defeat in the peloponnesian war
347
corinthian column design
column design which became popluar in the late classical period
348
hellenistic period
art historical period that saw increased influence of eastern civilizations on greek works
349
two notable sculptures from the hellenistic period representing ideals of beauty
the Venus de Milo and the Lacoon Group
350
italian civilization whose art represents a transistion from greek to roman artistic styles
Etruscan
351
art medium for which etruscan civilization is largely known
tomb decoration
352
two roman innovations in the fields pf architecture and engineering
concrete and curved arch
353
two surviving buildings that exemplify roman engineering genius
the colosseum and the pantheon
354
type of sculpture adorning roman triumphal arches and tombs
relief sculpture
355
impressionism
style of that grew out of dissatisfaction with strict salon rules
356
edouard manet
predecessor of the impressionists juxtaposing bright contrasting colors in his work
357
which civilization lived in mesopotamia from 4000 to 2340 B.C.E.
the sumerians
358
what wads the central aspect of sumerian life
religion
359
temple like structures that developed out of mesoptamian platforms
ziggurats
360
who took over sumer around 2340 BCE
Sargon of akkad
361
how did the akkadians deal with sumerian culture
assimilation
362
what was the akkadean equivalent of sumerian loyalty
loyalty to the kin g
363
who overthrew the akkadians around 2150 BCE
the guti
364
how did the akkadian loyalty to the king affect akkadian art
akkadians erected sculptures of their rulers
365
who took control of sumer about 60 years after the guti invasion
sumerians
366
who was named king when the summering retook control of sumer
king ur
367
what is joel delong's middle name
fabio
368
what did the dog say to the tree
bark
369
why did the chicken cross the street
idk
370
what does everyone love.... to eat
poop
371
Italian city which contain Byzantine mosaic walls
Ravenna
372
Constantinople building considered on of the greatest architectural achievements in history
the Hagia Sophia
373
central institution in medieval society
the Church
374
two materials used as paper during the medieval period
vellum and parchment
375
two notable medieval illuminated manuscripts
the Book of Kells and the Coronation Gospels
376
medieval culture noted for metalwork
nomadic Germanic peoples
377
Medieval culture noted for woodwork
Vikings
378
hybrid artistic style created in Viking invasions of England and Ireland
Hiberno-Saxon
379
Romanesque churches
churches based around Roman arches, built in the early part of the late Medieval
380
barrel vault
tunnel of arches used in Romanesque churches
381
vault
arch-shaped structure used as a ceiling or roof000
| support
382
architectural style commonly used in churches that developed in the early 12th century
Gothic style
383
ribbed vault
framework stone ribs under the intersection of vaulted ceiling sections
384
flying buttresses
additional bracing material and arches placed on the exterior of buildings
385
Giotto di Bondone
early Renasiassance FLorentine artist best known for his frescoes
386
primary patrons of art during the Renaissance
wealthy families
387
social class including painters and sculptors that was looked down upon until the REnaissance
artisans
388
Lorenzo Ghiberti
sculptor who won a FLoretine competition in 1400 to design doors of a new baptistery
389
Filippo Brunelleschi
Florentine sculptor and architect who helped develop linear perspective
390
development in perspective created by Filippo
linear (single vanishing point) perspective
391
Massaccio
Renaissance painter known for using linear and aerial perspective
392
Donatello
Renaissance artist widely considered the founder of modern sculpture
393
The Birth of Venus
painting by Botticelli that established an enduring image of female beauty
394
How do environmental factors influence the preservation of artifacts?
Dry climates delicate materials while humid areas cause them to deteriorate
395
Why has art history tended to focus on Western art?
Western areas have the best preserved and most easily accessible artworks
396
Where is the Chauvet Cave?
Southeastern France
397
When were the Chauvet Cave paintings made?
30,000 BCE
398
When were the Chauvet Cave paintings discovered?
1994
399
What two materials were used in the Chauvet Cave paintings?
red ochre and black charcoal
400
What five animals are depicted in the Chauvet Cave paintings?
horses, rhinoceros, lions, buffalos, and mammoths
401
In what age were the Chauvet Cave paintings created?
The Old Stone Age
402
In what two countries have cave paintings been discovered?
France and Spain
403
Where are the most famous later cave paintings found?
Lascaux and Altamira
404
When were the later cave paintings created?
c. 13,000-11,000 BCE
405
Wht opinion did scholars originally hold towards the cave paintings?
They were considered scribbling by primitive cavemen
406
What belief do scholars now hold about the cave paintings?
They were created by skilled artists and served ritual functions
407
What artwork is the most famous OLd Stone Age fertility sculpture?
Venus (or Woman) of Willendorf
408
edouard manet
predecessor of the impressionists, juxtaposing bright, contrasting colors in his works
409
claude monet
impressionist painter who inspired the movement's name with his painting impression sunrise
410
4 notable impressionist painters
edouard manet, claude monet, camille pissaro and alfred sisley
411
paul cezanne
influential post-impressionist painter who redefined art in terms of form and influenced cubism
412
post-impressionism
style partly influenced by impressionism, that emphasized vivid colors
413
georges seurat
post-impressionist painter who emphasized the scientific rules of color and developed optical mixing techniques
414
vincent van gogh
artist used color to portray emotions, paint night cafe
415
paul gauguin
painter who emphasized intense color in his works
416
2 inventions that6 allowed impressionists to paint outdoors
chemical-based paints and the paint tube
417
invention that questioned the ned to capture reality in painting
camera
418
edgar degas
impressionist painter influenced by japanese art
419
pre-raphaelites
artists who returned to simple, pre-renaissance styles
420
art nouveau
style of decor, architecture and design popular in the late 19th and early 20th centuries
421
henri matisse
leader of fauves movement that used highly intense, arbitrary colors
422
cubism
style art influenced by african art that used form in new ways
423
2 artists who developed the cubist style
pablo picasso and georges braque
424
die brucke
group of german artists who combined fauvist color with emotional intensity
425
2 german artists included in die brucke
ernst ludwig kirchner and emile nolde
426
expressionism
artistic style that attempted to express abstract consciousness
427
der blaue reiter
german expressionist group led by vasily kandinsky that painted completely abstract works
428
2 pioneering artists who used total abstraction
kazimir malevich
429
global development that helped shift the focus of the art world from paris to new york
WWI
430
first major showing of modern art in the united states
the armory show
431
nude descending staircase
marcel duchamp painting shown at the armory show
