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Anatomy 6511 > Musculoskeletal System > Flashcards

Musculoskeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

Appendicular Skeleton

A

Pectoral girdle
Pelvic girdle
Limb bones

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2
Q

Axial Skeleton

A

Vertebrae
Ribs
Sternum
Skull

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3
Q

Mesoderm

A

Dev to Paraxial mesoderm (somites)
Lateral plate somatic mesoderm

origin for musculoskeletal system

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4
Q

Neural crest cells

A

Another origin for musculoskeletal system

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5
Q

Paraxial mesoderm –>

A

Mesenchyme –> Vertebral column, ribs, & neurocranium

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6
Q

Lateral plate mesoderm –>

A

Mesenchyme –> Pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle, limbs, & sternum

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7
Q

Neural crest cells–>

A

Mesenchyme–> Viscerocranium & hyoid bone

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8
Q

Sclerotome

A

forms all of the axial skeleton except:

Sternum & a portion of the skull

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9
Q

Paraxial Mesoderm Derivatives

A

Vertebrae
Annulus fibrosus of intervertebral discs
Ribs
Neurocranium

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10
Q

Vertebrae Development - 4th week

A

4th week: sclerotome cells surround neural tube & notochord

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11
Q

Each sclerotome segment has

A

Less dense cranial portion

Dense caudal portion

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12
Q

Dense portion (sclerotome

A

Annulus fibrosus of IV discs

Fuses with less dense portion of sclerotome immediately inferior to form the vertebral body

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13
Q

Sclerotomes Undergo Resegmentation

A

6th week: chondrification occurs

Ossification:
Begins 7th week
3-5 years: vertebral arch halves fuse
3-6 years: vertebral arch fuses with body
~25 years: ossification complete
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14
Q

Dev of Annulus Fibrosus of IV Discs

A

Sclerotome–>

intersegmental mesenchyme –>annulus fibrosus

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15
Q

Rib dev.

A

Grow out as lateral extensions of costal processes developing from thoracic vertebrae & wrap around anteriorly

Synovial joint forms where costal process meets vertebra

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16
Q

Development of the Sternum

A

Induced to form by ribs at ventral midline from lateral plate somatic mesoderm
10th week:
Develops as two sternal bars that will fuse cranially to caudally
Later fuse to form manubrium, sternal body, and xiphoid process

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17
Q

Viscerocranium

A

anterolateral facial bones

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18
Q

Neurocranium

A

bones encasing the brain

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19
Q

Development of the Neurocranium

A

Occipital somites form a portion of the neurocranium

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20
Q

Cartilaginous Neurocranium

A

Base of skull
Sphenoid, petrous portion of temporal bone, portion of occipital bone
Form by endochondral ossification

All other parts of
Form by intramembranous

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21
Q

Membranous Neurocranium

A

Flat bones that surround the brain

Formed by intramembranous ossification

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22
Q

Fontanelles

A

Enlarged membranous spaces where more than 2 bones meet

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23
Q

Development of Appendicular Skeleton

A

Differentiates from mesenchyme of lateral plate somatic mesoderm

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24
Q

Endochondral Ossification

A

5th week: condensations of mesenchyme appear in limb buds

6th week: mesenchymal bone models undergo chondrification to form hyaline cartilage models

7th/8th week: ossification begins in long bones
Occurs initially in diaphysis from primary ossification centers

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25
Q

Skeletal muscle origin

A

Derived from paraxial mesoderm

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26
Q

Cardiac muscle origin

A

Cardiac muscle

Derived from intraembryonic splanchnic mesoderm surrounding developing heart

27
Q

Smooth muscle origin

A

Smooth muscle

Of G.I. tract: Derived from intraembryonic splanchnic mesoderm surrounding gut tube

28
Q

Somites differentiate into:

A

Sclerotome
Myotome
Dermatome
-skeletal muscle dev.

29
Q

Somites give rise to:

A

Axial skeleton (most)
Associated musculature
Overlying dermis of back

30
Q

Myoblasts

A

specialized mesoderm cells
Fuse together to form skeletal muscle
Actively contract by week 7

31
Q

Progenitor cells for muscle tissues derived from

A

the ventrolateral and dorsomedial lips of the dermomyotome

32
Q

Lateral somitic frontier

A

separates paraxial mesoderm from lateral plate somatic mesoderm

33
Q

Primaxial domain

A

surrounds neural tube and contains only somite-derived cells **adjacent to the neural tube -very close to it.

Dorsomedial lip (DML) & a few Ventrolateral lip (VLL) cells left at the myotome will form the:
Musculature of the back
Shoulder girdle muscles
Intercostal muscles

34
Q

Abaxial domain

A

parietal layer of lateral plate mesodem with somite-derived cells

Most Ventrolateral lip (VLL) myoblasts migrate across the frontier into lateral plate somatic mesoderm to form:
Infrahyoid muscles
Pectoralis major & minor muscles
Abdominal wall muscles
Limb muscles
35
Q

Myotome

A 
Each myotome divides into:
Epaxial group (dorsal/posterior) 
Hypaxial group (ventral/anterior)

Each spinal nerve divides into:
Dorsal primary ramus
Ventral primary ramus:

36
Q

Epaxial muscles –>

A

back muscles –>dorsal primary rami

37
Q

Hypaxial muscles –>

A

muscles of the limbs + body wall –> ventral primary rami

38
Q

Cardiac Muscle dev

A

Derived from intraembryonic splanchnic mesoderm

Gives rise to mesenchyme surrounding developing heart tube

39
Q

Smooth Muscle dev

A

Derived from intraembryonic splanchnic mesoderm
Wall of gut & gut tube derivatives
Most large arteries (i.e., aorta)

40
Q

Neuroectoderm

A

Sphincter pupillae m. & dilator pupillae m. of iris

-derived from ectoderm.

41
Q

Surface ectoderm

A

Myoepithelial cells of mammary, salivary, & sweat glands

42
Q

Limb Development

A 
Limb buds emerge toward end of week 4
Upper limbs (UL) appear 1st
Lower limbs (LL) appear 1-2 days later
43
Q

Limb Bud

A

Core of mesenchyme, lined by surface ectoderm

Mesenchyme forms connective tissue of the limb
Cartilage, bone, dermis, blood vessels

44
Q

Elongation of the Limbs

A

Apical ectodermal ridge (AER) sends signaling factors to nearby mesenchyme of progress zone
Keeps cells undifferentiated and rapidly dividing to form more limb tissue

Limb grows proximally to distally

45
Q

Migratory Cells Invade Limb Bud

A 
Melanocytes
From neural crest
Sensory axons & Schwann cells
From neural crest 
Myoblasts
From myotome of VLL
Motor axons
From neural
46
Q

Outgrowth of Limbs, Weeks

A

4-8. Epaxial muscles
Dorsal primary rami

Hypaxial muscles
Ventral primary rami
Will divide to form dorsal & ventral branches to compartments

47
Q

Limb buds initially grow straight out

A

laterally, followed by:

UL lateral rotation by 90° & LL medial rotation by 90 degrees

48
Q

Week 6: “paddle stage”

A

End of week 6
Mesenchyme is condensing to form digital rays
Outlines of future digits

Organized apoptosis of cells in AER divides paddle into 5 digits

End of week 8
Mesenchyme will differentiate as hyaline cartilage in digits due to AER induction

49
Q

Apoptosis in AER forms

A

Digits

50
Q

Meromelia

A

absence of part of a limb

51
Q

Amelia

A

absence of entire limb

52
Q

Polydactyly

A

extra digits

53
Q

Syndactyly

A

two or more fused digits

54
Q

Sternum

A

Lateral plate mesoderm

55
Q

Skull

A

Neural crest cells in origin

56
Q

Portion of occipital somite

A

fuses with cranial portion of cranial 1. Bottom of spinal cord tapers off.

57
Q

Manubrium

A

first to form, forms downward.

58
Q

Each vertebral level will have

A

Ossification centers, begin to ossify from 12th week onward.

59
Q

Bottom of skull with nerves

A

Endochondrial ossification

60
Q

Rest of skull (flat bones)

A

Intermembranous ossification

61
Q

Myogenic

A

Myoblasts on hold

62
Q

Primaxial and abaxial

A

Helps determine dorsal and ventral ramus innervation.

63
Q

Local molecular clues differentiate between

A

Cardiac and smooth muscle.

Anatomy 6511 (27 decks)

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