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Anatomy 6511 > Development of Nervous System > Flashcards

Development of Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Cranial nerves

A

12 pairs

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2
Q

Spinal cord stops

A

Between L1 and L2. Vertebral column continues - inside canal below L2 has portions of spinal roots - not yet spinal nerves, as they have not yet exited vertebrae.

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3
Q

The vertebral canal

A

Does not separate central and peripheral systems. There are components of both systems in vertebral canal.

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4
Q

Nervous system

A

Branches to central and peripheral

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5
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A

PNS - branches to:
Autonomic nervous system
Somatic nervous system

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6
Q

Autonomic ns

A 
Communicate with internal organs and glands
Splits to:
Sympathetic division (arousing)
Parasympathetic division (calming)
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7
Q

Somatic ns

A

Sense organs and voluntary muscles.
Splits to:
Sensory (afferent - sensory input)
Motor (efferent - motor output)

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8
Q

Structural division - CNS

A

brain & spinal cord –develop from neural tube

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9
Q

Structural division - PNS

A

all other NS structures that connect the CNS with the rest of the body
–develop from neural crest and CNS outgrowths

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10
Q

Somatic - function

A

receives information from and responds to external world

–innervates structures that develop from somites

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11
Q

Visceral - function

A

Visceral
–innervates organ systems & its elements
–detects and responds to information within body

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12
Q

CNS - Neuron

A

Group of neuronal cell bodies=

–Nucleus

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13
Q

CNS Glia

A

Astrocyte, oligodendroglia, microglia

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14
Q

PNS - Neuron

A

Group of neuronal cell bodies - ganglion

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15
Q

PNS - Glia

A

Schwann cell (axon associating glia - myelination).

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16
Q

CNS organization

A

Covered by 3 meninges - dura, arachnoid, pia

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17
Q

Sub arachnoid space

A

have trabeculae connecting arachnoid and pia. Serves as a path for vasculature (vasculature found here). Deep to arachnoid layer. Also filled with cerebrospinal fluid.

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18
Q

PNS organization

A

3 connective tissues
-Epineurium, perineurium, endoneurium. Has fascicles surrounded by perineurium (bundles of axons). Individual axons have endoneurium. Epineurium covers the whole thing.

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19
Q

Dendrites

A

Stimulated by environmental changes or other cell activity.

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20
Q

Cell bodies

A

Have nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes, other organelles and inclusions.

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21
Q

Axon

A

Conducts nerve impulse towards synaptic terminals.

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22
Q

Terminal Boutons

A

(synaptic button) affect another terminal or effector organ (muscle/gland).

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23
Q

Spinal nerves

A

Inner area = grey matter. Posterior and Ventral horns in this shape. This is where you find cell bodies in spinal cord (also other stuff as well). Lateral horns also present.

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24
Q

Dorsal root ganglion

A

Have PNS cell bodies, which go into the dorsal horn. These are principally information in - mainly sensory/afferent neurons.

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25
Q

Ventral root ganglion

A

PNS cell bodies. These are information out. Efferent motor neurons.

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26
Q

Spinal nerve

A

Where dorsal root and ventral root come together. This exits vertebral column at intervertebral foramen. This will branch to posterior and anterior ramus.

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27
Q

Contralateral

A

Left side of brain controls right side.

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28
Q

Ipsilateral

A

Right side of brain controls right side.

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29
Q

Bilateral

A

This means that both the left and right members of a pair of cranial nerves are innervated by the motor strip areas of both the left and right hemispheres.

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30
Q

Decussation

A

Crossing from one side to the other that involves axomal path. Axons from left side and axons of right cross without mixing so that cell bodies control muscles on opposite sides.

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31
Q

Commissure

A

Axons that connect one side to the corresponding structures on the other side (of brain). Primary sensory cortexes connect in brain through corpus callosum (right and left coordination helped).

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32
Q

Postganglionic cells

A

Sit in sympathetic chain or the prevertebral ganglia (via splanchnic nn)

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33
Q

Motor (efferent)

A

General - how we affect environment

34
Q

Autonomic NS

A

Sympathetic, parasympathetic, enteric

35
Q

Parasympathetic

A

2 neuron chain. Preganglionic. S2 to S4 (cord level is higher than vertebral - there is a separation during development). These will exit S2 to S4 - or cranial nerves (CNS nuclei). Cranial-sacral. Post-ganglionic - 4 cranial ganglia and ganglia in the walls of organs (everything below the head).

36
Q

Sympathetic

A

2 neuron chain. Preganglionic - T1 to L2 (lateral horn). Thoracolumbar nerves (where cell bodies are). Connect to postganglionic cells. Postganglionic cells in ganglion near boutons of preganglionic cells. **Only cell body is in CNS.

37
Q

2 neuron system

A

Modify - can now modify a signal at a given synapse. This system gives you control for this.

38
Q

Somatic plexis

A

Cervical plexus (C1-C4 spinal nerves). Brachial plexus - C5 to T1. Lumbar = L1 to L5 Lumbosacral plexus = combo of S1 to S4.

39
Q

Visceral plexis

A

All part of autonomics (control viscera). Cardiac, esophogeal, pulmonarytracheal, prevertebral (T5 to T12 + some lumbar - these have special names in thoracic region- greater and lesser splanchnic nerve, alise splanchnic nerve). Also some with S region.

40
Q

All plexis are

A

peripheral nerves.

41
Q

Development of NS

A

Occurs during weeks 3 and 4.

42
Q

Cranial and caudal neuropores

A

Openings at either end of neural tube.

43
Q

Embryonic Ectoderm

A

Epidermis

44
Q

Neural tube (neuroectoderm)

A

Brain and spinal cord CNS. Caudal end is spinal cord, cranial is brain. Neural groove will lead to ventricular system.

45
Q

Neural canal

A

Neural canal: ventricles of brain & central canal of spinal cord

46
Q

Neural crest

A 
Neural crest :
   -Dorsal root/autonomic/CN ganglia
   -Bones of face (viscerocranium)
   -Melanocytes
   -Schwann cells
   -Leptomeninges (arachnoid & pia            
       mater)
   -Adrenal medulla cells
47
Q

Luminal side of neural canal

A

Neuroepithelial cells - pseudostratified columnar cells. As you go farther externally, you start to see mesenchyme.

48
Q

Mesenchymal area of neural tube.

A

Lead to development of part of meninges (Dura mater - arachnoid and pia come from neural crest).

49
Q

Leptomeninges

A

Arachnoid and pia (from same source - neural crest).

50
Q

Spinal cord zone reference

A

Luminal surface - right next to it you have ventricular (actively dividing) zone - neuroepithelial layer. Neuroepithelial cells divide and move deeper into intermediate zone. More pseuodstratified, and you see them differentiate into neuroblasts and neurons. This will become part of the grey matter. Outer most layer is the marginal zone. Some glial cells forming, mainly formation of white matter. Spinal meninges are superficial to all of this.

51
Q

Mantle layer

A

Cells organize into layer on dorsal aspect in a circular fashion. These areas are called Alar plates.

52
Q

Alar plates

A

2 of them:

Afferent (sensory functions). Will form dorsal sensory horns.

53
Q

Basal plates

A

Anterior - form more efferent (motor function). Will form ventral motor horns.

54
Q

Spinal Nerve Development

A

Motor nerve fibers collect into ventral nerve roots
Dorsal nerve roots (sensory) originate outside spinal cord (in DRG) derived from neural crest cells.

These processes grow into dorsal horns of spinal cord
Eventually the dorsal nerve roots meet the ventral motor roots.

55
Q

Spinal nerve

A

Distal processes of dorsal roots join ventral nerve roots to form a spinal nerve
Dorsal root fibers = sensory
Ventral root fibers = motor
Spinal nerve contains both sensory & motor fibers

56
Q

Spinal cord extension

A

At 3 months extends entire length of vertebral column. At the end of 5 months, the spinal cord is at 1rst sacral nerve. A newport’s spine is around L3, will end at L1.

57
Q

conus medullaris

A

spinal cord ends between L1 + L2 vertebrae

58
Q

Ventricles of the Brain

A

lateral, interventricular foramen, third ventricle, aqueduct of midbrain, fourth ventricle. No first and second, those are lateral. Big point is where they come from.**look into this.

59
Q

Brain dev.

A

Same basic organization of spinal cord. Distinct alar and basal plates. Higher centers = accentuation of alar plates and regression of basal plates.

60
Q

Brain dev overview.

A

Cells grow and divide to form swellings. Initially you have 3 primary vesicles (swellings) - forebrain (prosencephalon) , midbrain (mesencephalon), hindbrain (rhombencephalon) Then this goes to 5 secondary vesicles.

61
Q

Prosencephalon

A

2 swellings - telencephalon leads to 2 cerebral hemispheres. Lateral ventricles
Caudal to this is diencephalon - forms thalamus (hypo, epi). Third ventricle

62
Q

Mesencephalon

A

Nothing really happens to this. This will become the midbrain with aquaduct. First part of brain stem.

63
Q

Rhombencephalon

A

Metencephalon - forms pons and cerebellum - upper part of 4th ventricle.
Myencephalon - medulla -lower part of 4th ventricle.

64
Q

Lumen of telencephalon

A

Leads to formation of lateral ventricles.

65
Q

Lumen of diencephalon

A

Leads to formation of 3rd ventricle

66
Q

Mesencephalon lumen

A

Aquaduct

67
Q

Lumen of myencephalon and metencephalon

A

Fourth ventricles.

68
Q

Myelencephalon - alar and basal

A

Leads to medulla of brain. Shift of medulla walls changes position of plates so that basal plates (motor) will be medial to alar plates (sensory). Alar shift to form 3 bilateral cell columns - form afferent sensory nuclei. Same organization occurs in basal plates - efferent motor nuclei.

69
Q

Metencephalon - pons

A

Cell bodies in basal plate medial - shifting still occurs.

Organize into 3 bilateral cell columns again.

70
Q

Mesencephalon

A

MIdbrain - superior part of brainstem. Gets more complicated. Basal plates contain two groups of motor nuclei - marginal layer of basal plate enlarges to form crus cerebri.
Alar plates are organized posteriorly (dorsally) into two longitudinal elevations. Divides into superior & inferior colliculi

71
Q

Crus cerebri

A

Marginal layer of basal plate (the ventral swellings).

72
Q

Diencephalon

A

Three pairs of swellings in lateral wall of 3rd ventricle.
Caudal part of roofplate - epithalamus
Thalamus from second swelling
Hypothalamus from ventral swelling.

Alar plates form:
Thalamus
Hypothalamus - huge autonomic feature.

Basal plates form epithalamus.**

73
Q

Telencephalon

A

Forms two cerebral hemispheres. Neural canals form the two lateral ventricles.

Cells in neural tube grow the quickest. Grows so much that it covers the diencephalon structures.

Surface grows rapidly to form the lobes as well as gyri (elevations) separated by fissures (deep grooves) and sulci (shallow grooves). cerebrum is originally a smooth structure.

74
Q

Sympathetic ANS origin

A

All ganglia as well as the sympathetic trunk originate from neural crest cells.

75
Q

Parasympathetic ANS origin

A

Postganglionic neurons derived from neural crest cells.

76
Q

Parasympathetic ANS origin

A

Postganglionic neurons derived from neural crest cells.

77
Q

Myelinated

A

Series of Schwann cells lined up along axon

Each having a wrapped coating of myelin insulating axon

78
Q

Unmyelinated

A

Encased by Schwann cell cytoplasm

No wrapped coating of myelin surrounding axon

79
Q

PNS myelination

A

Schwann Cells (derived from neural crest cells). Nuclei of cells pushed outward as it wraps. in CNS, you have oligodendrocytes.

One schwann cell per one internodal segment of one axon

80
Q

CNS myelination

A

Oligodendrocytes (derived from neuroepithelial cells of spinal cord). Sends out arm extensions so it can wrap around multiple axons.

One oligodendrocyte can myelinate up to 50 axons

Anatomy 6511 (27 decks)

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