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Anatomy 6511 > Blood and hematopoesis > Flashcards

Blood and hematopoesis Flashcards

1
Q

Blood

A

Connective tissue - 7-8% total body weight 6L. Delivery of O2, nutrients. Transports waste, Co2, transport of hormones and other substances, maintainaince of homeostasis by acting as buffer, etc.

Delivery of O2 and nutrients to cells
Transport of wastes and CO2 from cells
Transport of hormones and other regulatory substances
Maintenance of homeostasis by acting as buffer and participating in coagulation and thermoregulation
Protective role via transport of immune cells and immune components

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2
Q

Blood composed of

A
  1. Formed elements

2. Plasma

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3
Q

Formed elements

A

Cells and cell fragments. Both derived from hematopoetic stem cells. Cells = erythrocytes*(not a true cell type), leukocytes.
Cell fragments = thrombocytes (platelets).

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4
Q

Plasma

A

Protein rich fluid extracellular matrix

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5
Q

Hematocrit

A

Volume of packed red blood cells in a sample of blood. Measured by centrifuging blood sample and calculating percentage of tube volume occupide by RBCs as compared to whole blood.

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6
Q

RBC hematocrit volume

A

45%

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7
Q

Relative volume of plasma

A

55%

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8
Q

Buffy coat (leukocytes/platelets)

A

1%

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9
Q

Men - normal hematocrit

A

39-50%

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10
Q

Woman - normal hematocrit

A

35-45%

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11
Q

Plasma components

A

Water (90%) - solvent, solutes help maintain homeostasis (pH, osmolarity)

Plasma proteins 7-8%: Albumin, Globulins, Fibrinogen

Other Solutes: **FINSIH THIS

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12
Q

Plasma proteins

A

7-8%. Albumin
Globulins
Fibrinogen

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13
Q

Albumin

A

About half of plasma proteins. Produced in liver, has an important role in maintaining concentration gradient for osmotic pressure. Acts as a carrier protein, for substances such as hormones, metabolites and drugs.

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14
Q

Edema

A

Too much albumin escapes, and takes water with it.

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15
Q

Globulins

A 
Immunoglobulins (gamma) - antibodies secreted by plasma cells.
Nonimmune globulins (alpha and beta) - produced by liver, help maintain osmotic pressure and serve as carrier proteins.
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16
Q

Fibrinogen

A

Made in liver, soluble, via series of cascade reactions, transformed into insoluble protein fibrin which helps form blood clots.

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17
Q

Blood smear

A

Drop of blood placed directly on slide and spread thinly over surface with edge of aanother slide.

  • Produces monolayer of cells
  • air dried and stained with Wright’s Stain.
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18
Q

Wrights stain

A

mixture of methylene blue (basic), azures (basic) and eosin (acidic).

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19
Q

Erythrocytes (RBCs)

A

Anucleate cells - devoid of typical organelles. Bind and deliver O2 (99%) to tissues and bind CO2 (30%) to remove from tissues.
Biconcave discs with diameter of 7.8 microm. Edge thickness of 2.6 microm, and central thickness of 0.8 microm.

Shape maximizes surface area - important in gas exchange.

Histologic ruler - shape relatively constant in fixed tissue.

Producetion occurs in red bone marrow via erythropoesis.

120 day life span

Rate of release - 2 million/sec

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20
Q

Hemoglobin

A

Protein binds to O2 and CO2.

Structure: Composed of 4 polypeptide chains of globin with four iron containing heme groups. Iron ions bind one O2 molecule - each protein binds 4 O2. Most common type of hemoglobin (96%) is composed of two alpha and 2 beta chains.

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21
Q

Leukocytes

A

2 groups of white blood cells based on morphology (whether or not they have specific granules within cytoplasm and by nuclei shape).

  1. Polymorphonuclear granulocytes
  2. Mononuclear agranulocytes
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22
Q

Polymorphonuclear granulocytes

A

Contain specific granules and have multilobed nuclei. Also possess azurophilic granules***

-neutrophils
eosinophils
basophils

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23
Q

Mononuclear agranulocytes

A

No specific granules, have rounded nuclei. Also have azurophilic granules.
-Lymphocytes
B lymph, T lymph, natural killer cells (NK)
-Monocytes

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24
Q

Neutrophils

A

Granulocytes. Most numerous leukocyte (49-67%). 12 microm to 15 microm in diameter. Small faint lavender granules in cytoplasm. Granule contents: lysozyme (specific granules), peroxidases (azurophilic granules)

Darkish nucleus, several lobes (2-5)
Function:
 - First responders to infection
- Acute inflammation
-phagocytose bacteria within tissues, accumulate as pus.
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25
Q

Eosinophil

A

Comprise 1-5% of leukocytes. 12 microm to 15 microm in diameter. Cytoplasm - large coarse acidophilic granules. Granule contents - peroxidase, histaminase, arylsulfatase. Light bilobed nucleus.

Function:

  • contribute to defense of parasitic infections (major role in defense against helminths worms)
  • associated with allergies release of histaminase and arylsulfatase moderates potentilaly harmful effects of inflammatory vasoactive mediators
  • Chronic inflammation
26
Q

Basophils

A

Least abundant leukocytes (0%-0.3%)
Diameter: 12μm-15μm
Cytoplasm: large coarse basophilic granules
Granule contents: histamine, serotonin, heparin sulfate
Nucleus: light, bilobed
Function:
Involved in regulating immune response to parasites
Role in allergies via release of vasoactive agents (e.g. histamine)

27
Q

Lymphocytes (agranulocyte)

A 
Comprise 26%-28% of leukocytes
Diameter: 6µm-18µm
Cytoplasm: narrow rim of blue cytoplasm
Nucleus: very dark, takes up all of the cell, round, slightly indented
T Lymphocytes
Adaptive immune cells; cell-mediated immunity
Mature in the thymus 
B Lymphocytes 
Adaptive immune cells; humoral immunity
Production of antibodies 
Natural Killer (NK) cells
Innate immune cells; kill virally infected and malignant cells
28
Q

T Lymphocytes

A

Adaptive immune cells; cell-mediated immunity

Mature in the thymus

29
Q

B lymphocytes

A

Adaptive immune cells; humoral immunity

Production of antibodies

30
Q

Natural killer cells

A

innate immune cells; kill virally infected and malignant cells

31
Q

Monocytes

A

Comprise 3-9% of leukocytes
Diameter: 12μm-20µm
Cytoplasm: gray “foamy” texture
Nucleus: darkish; large, off-center; oval, kidney, or horseshoe shaped
Function:
Differentiate into macrophages within body tissues
As macrophages, serve as phagocytic cells involved in antigen presentation

32
Q

Thrombocytes (Platelets)

A

Thrombocytes (platelets) derived from large cells within the bone marrow called megakaryocytes
Small bits of cytoplasm separate from peripheral margins of megakaryocyte forming thrombocytes (platelets)
Small, disc-shaped structures (2 μm-3 μm); lifespan ~10 days
Function: blot clot formation and repair of tears in blood vessel wall

33
Q

Hematopoiesis

A 
process of blood cell production and maturation
Purpose: to maintain constant level of the different blood cell types within blood:
Erythropoiesis 
Leukopoiesis 
Granulopoiesis
Monocytopoiesis
Lymphopoiesis 
Thrombopoiesis
Initiated in early embryonic development
Yolk-sac phase
Hepatic phase
Bone marrow phase
After birth: red bone marrow - children is in long bones, adults is in flat bones.
34
Q

Monophyletic Theory

A

all blood cells are derived from a common pluripotential stem cell: hematopoietic stem cell (HSC)
Capable not only of differentiating into all the blood cell lineages, but also capable of self-renewal:

35
Q

Hematopoietic stem cell

A

Gives rise to all blood cells. From mesenchyme.

36
Q

HSC differentiation

A

In the bone marrow, descendents of the HSC can differentiate into 2 major colonies of mulitpotential progenitor cells:

Common Myeloid Progenitor (CMP)
Common Lymphoid Progenitor (CLP)

37
Q

Common Myeloid Progenitor

A

Differentiate into lineage-restricted progenitors:
Megakaryocyte/Erythrocyte
Granulocyte/Monocyte

38
Q

Common Lymphoid Progenitor

A

Common lymphoid progenitor gives rise to lymphocytes:
T cells
B cells
Natural Killer (NK) cells

39
Q

Precursor Cells or Blasts

A

Progenitor cells develop into precursor cells or blasts
With these blast cells:
Morphological characteristics begin to differentiate
Large amount of mitosis – but only produce cells on the way to differentiation

Blast Cells
Start to get an idea or suggestion of what they will become
Lots of mitosis – stem and progenitor cells undergo some mitosis, but that mitosis is really to maintain their relatively small populations; the blast cells under great mitosis, producing only cells on their way to differentiation, unlike stem and progenitor cells, which undergo asymmetric mitosis.

40
Q

Proerythroblast

A 
Large cell (12-20μm); large, spherical nucleus with 1 to 2 nucleoli 
Cytoplasm shows mild basophilia (free ribosomes)
41
Q

Basophilic Erythroblast

A

Nucleus 10-16μm in diameter; progressively more heterochromatic
Cytoplasm strongly basophilic  large numbers free ribosomes (polyribosomes) that synthesize hemoglobin

42
Q

Polychromatophilic erythroblast:

A

Cytoplasm displays both acidophilia (hemoglobin) and basophilia (ribosomes),
gives overall gray/lilac color
Nucleus becoming smaller; coarse heterochromatin granules  checkerboard pattern

43
Q

Orthochromatic erythroblast (normoblast):

A 
Small, compact, densely stained nucleus
Eosinophilic cytoplasm (large amount of hemoglobin) 
No longer capable of cell division
44
Q

Polychromatophilic erythrocyte (reticulocyte)

A

No nucleus
Some polyribosomes still present, impart slight basophilia to eosinophilic cells
Can be found within bloodstream (1-2% of total RBC count)

45
Q

Granulopoiesis

A

Eosinophils
Basophils
Neutrophils

46
Q

Monocytopoiesis

A

Monocytes

47
Q

Lymphopoiesis

A

B cells
T cells
NK cells

48
Q

Granulocytes and Monocytes

A

Originate from common myeloid progenitor which differentiates into granulocyte/monocyte progenitors

49
Q

Granulopoiesis

A

neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils undergo similar morphologic maturation process:

myeloblast  promyelocyte  myelocyte  metamyelocyte  (*band cell)  mature cell

50
Q

Lymphocytes

A

HSC  CLP  Lymphocytes

T cells
B cells
NK cells

51
Q

Thrombocytes (platelets

A

derived from megakaryocytes via thrombopoiesis:
HSC  CMP MEP MKP  Megakaryoblast  Megakaryocyte  Platelets

HSC = hematopoietic stem cell
CMP = common myeloid progenitor 
MEP = megakaryocyte/erythrocyte progenitor 
MKP = megakaryocyte progenitor
52
Q

Megakaryoblast

A 
large cell (30μm diameter); nonlobed nucleus
Megakaryoblast undergoes successive endomitoses to become a platelet-producing megakaryocyte
53
Q

Megakaryocyte

A

50 to 70μm in diameter; complex, multilobed nucleus and scattered azurophilic granules; polyploid cells (64N)

Megakaryocytes located near sinusoids within bone marrow; send cytoplasmic extensions that break off as platelets
Small bits of cytoplasm separated from peripheral regions of megakaryocytes by extensive platelet demarcation channels, lined by invaginations of plasma membrane
Cytoplasmic fragments partitioned, forming individual platelets
“foamy” peripheral cytoplasm represents areas where segmentation of platelets is occurring

54
Q

Karyo

A

nucleus

55
Q

Endomitoses

A

chromosomes replicate, but neither karyokinesis nor cytokinesis occurs
Ploidy increases from 8N to 64N before chromosomal replication ceases; megakaryocytes are polyploid cells (cells whose nuclei contain multiple sets of chromosomes)

56
Q

Bone Marrow

A

Located within medullary cavity and spaces of spongy bone

Consists of sinusoids (sinusoidal capillaries) and hematopoietic cords

57
Q

Hematopoietic cords

A

developing blood cells, megakaryocytes, macrophages, mast cells, adipocytes
Cells develop in clusters/nests located near sinusoids

58
Q

Adventitial cells (reticular cells):

A

Send sheetlike extensions into hematopoietic cords  provide support for developing blood cells; stimulate differentiation of progenitor cells

59
Q

Bone marrow cellularity

A

ratio of hematopoietic cells to adipocytes
Bone marrow cellularity: 100 – age ± 10%
Number of hematopoietic cells decreases with age

60
Q

HSCCMPMEPErP

A 
HSC = hematopoietic stem cell
CMP = common myeloid progenitor cells
MEP = Megakaryocyte/Erythrocyte progenitor cell
ErP = Erythrocyte-Committed Progenitor
61
Q

Normoblast

A

General term - do not use this.

62
Q

Band cell

A

only affiliated with neutrophils. This stage helps get nucleus to be multilobular.

Anatomy 6511 (27 decks)

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