Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Anatomy 6511 > Blood and hematopoesis > Flashcards

Blood and hematopoesis Flashcards

1
Q

Blood

A

Connective tissue - 7-8% total body weight 6L. Delivery of O2, nutrients. Transports waste, Co2, transport of hormones and other substances, maintainaince of homeostasis by acting as buffer, etc.

Delivery of O2 and nutrients to cells
Transport of wastes and CO2 from cells
Transport of hormones and other regulatory substances
Maintenance of homeostasis by acting as buffer and participating in coagulation and thermoregulation
Protective role via transport of immune cells and immune components

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Blood composed of

A
  1. Formed elements

2. Plasma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Formed elements

A

Cells and cell fragments. Both derived from hematopoetic stem cells. Cells = erythrocytes*(not a true cell type), leukocytes.
Cell fragments = thrombocytes (platelets).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Plasma

A

Protein rich fluid extracellular matrix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Hematocrit

A

Volume of packed red blood cells in a sample of blood. Measured by centrifuging blood sample and calculating percentage of tube volume occupide by RBCs as compared to whole blood.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

RBC hematocrit volume

A

45%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Relative volume of plasma

A

55%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Buffy coat (leukocytes/platelets)

A

1%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Men - normal hematocrit

A

39-50%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Woman - normal hematocrit

A

35-45%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Plasma components

A

Water (90%) - solvent, solutes help maintain homeostasis (pH, osmolarity)

Plasma proteins 7-8%: Albumin, Globulins, Fibrinogen

Other Solutes: **FINSIH THIS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Plasma proteins

A

7-8%. Albumin
Globulins
Fibrinogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Albumin

A

About half of plasma proteins. Produced in liver, has an important role in maintaining concentration gradient for osmotic pressure. Acts as a carrier protein, for substances such as hormones, metabolites and drugs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Edema

A

Too much albumin escapes, and takes water with it.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Globulins

A 
Immunoglobulins (gamma) - antibodies secreted by plasma cells.
Nonimmune globulins (alpha and beta) - produced by liver, help maintain osmotic pressure and serve as carrier proteins.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Fibrinogen

A

Made in liver, soluble, via series of cascade reactions, transformed into insoluble protein fibrin which helps form blood clots.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Blood smear

A

Drop of blood placed directly on slide and spread thinly over surface with edge of aanother slide.

  • Produces monolayer of cells
  • air dried and stained with Wright’s Stain.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Wrights stain

A

mixture of methylene blue (basic), azures (basic) and eosin (acidic).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Erythrocytes (RBCs)

A

Anucleate cells - devoid of typical organelles. Bind and deliver O2 (99%) to tissues and bind CO2 (30%) to remove from tissues.
Biconcave discs with diameter of 7.8 microm. Edge thickness of 2.6 microm, and central thickness of 0.8 microm.

Shape maximizes surface area - important in gas exchange.

Histologic ruler - shape relatively constant in fixed tissue.

Producetion occurs in red bone marrow via erythropoesis.

120 day life span

Rate of release - 2 million/sec

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Hemoglobin

A

Protein binds to O2 and CO2.

Structure: Composed of 4 polypeptide chains of globin with four iron containing heme groups. Iron ions bind one O2 molecule - each protein binds 4 O2. Most common type of hemoglobin (96%) is composed of two alpha and 2 beta chains.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Leukocytes

A

2 groups of white blood cells based on morphology (whether or not they have specific granules within cytoplasm and by nuclei shape).

  1. Polymorphonuclear granulocytes
  2. Mononuclear agranulocytes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Polymorphonuclear granulocytes

A

Contain specific granules and have multilobed nuclei. Also possess azurophilic granules***

-neutrophils
eosinophils
basophils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Mononuclear agranulocytes

A

No specific granules, have rounded nuclei. Also have azurophilic granules.
-Lymphocytes
B lymph, T lymph, natural killer cells (NK)
-Monocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Neutrophils

A

Granulocytes. Most numerous leukocyte (49-67%). 12 microm to 15 microm in diameter. Small faint lavender granules in cytoplasm. Granule contents: lysozyme (specific granules), peroxidases (azurophilic granules)

Darkish nucleus, several lobes (2-5)
Function:
 - First responders to infection
- Acute inflammation
-phagocytose bacteria within tissues, accumulate as pus.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Eosinophil
Comprise 1-5% of leukocytes. 12 microm to 15 microm in diameter. Cytoplasm - large coarse acidophilic granules. Granule contents - peroxidase, histaminase, arylsulfatase. Light bilobed nucleus. Function: - contribute to defense of parasitic infections (major role in defense against helminths worms) - associated with allergies release of histaminase and arylsulfatase moderates potentilaly harmful effects of inflammatory vasoactive mediators - Chronic inflammation
26
Basophils
Least abundant leukocytes (0%-0.3%) Diameter: 12μm-15μm Cytoplasm: large coarse basophilic granules Granule contents: histamine, serotonin, heparin sulfate Nucleus: light, bilobed Function: Involved in regulating immune response to parasites Role in allergies via release of vasoactive agents (e.g. histamine)
27
Lymphocytes (agranulocyte)
``` Comprise 26%-28% of leukocytes Diameter: 6µm-18µm Cytoplasm: narrow rim of blue cytoplasm Nucleus: very dark, takes up all of the cell, round, slightly indented T Lymphocytes Adaptive immune cells; cell-mediated immunity Mature in the thymus B Lymphocytes Adaptive immune cells; humoral immunity Production of antibodies Natural Killer (NK) cells Innate immune cells; kill virally infected and malignant cells ```
28
T Lymphocytes
Adaptive immune cells; cell-mediated immunity | Mature in the thymus
29
B lymphocytes
Adaptive immune cells; humoral immunity | Production of antibodies
30
Natural killer cells
innate immune cells; kill virally infected and malignant cells
31
Monocytes
Comprise 3-9% of leukocytes Diameter: 12μm-20µm Cytoplasm: gray “foamy” texture Nucleus: darkish; large, off-center; oval, kidney, or horseshoe shaped Function: Differentiate into macrophages within body tissues As macrophages, serve as phagocytic cells involved in antigen presentation
32
Thrombocytes (Platelets)
Thrombocytes (platelets) derived from large cells within the bone marrow called megakaryocytes Small bits of cytoplasm separate from peripheral margins of megakaryocyte forming thrombocytes (platelets) Small, disc-shaped structures (2 μm-3 μm); lifespan ~10 days Function: blot clot formation and repair of tears in blood vessel wall
33
Hematopoiesis
``` process of blood cell production and maturation Purpose: to maintain constant level of the different blood cell types within blood: Erythropoiesis Leukopoiesis Granulopoiesis Monocytopoiesis Lymphopoiesis Thrombopoiesis Initiated in early embryonic development Yolk-sac phase Hepatic phase Bone marrow phase After birth: red bone marrow - children is in long bones, adults is in flat bones. ```
34
Monophyletic Theory
all blood cells are derived from a common pluripotential stem cell: hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) Capable not only of differentiating into all the blood cell lineages, but also capable of self-renewal:
35
Hematopoietic stem cell
Gives rise to all blood cells. From mesenchyme.
36
HSC differentiation
In the bone marrow, descendents of the HSC can differentiate into 2 major colonies of mulitpotential progenitor cells: Common Myeloid Progenitor (CMP) Common Lymphoid Progenitor (CLP)
37
Common Myeloid Progenitor
Differentiate into lineage-restricted progenitors: Megakaryocyte/Erythrocyte Granulocyte/Monocyte
38
Common Lymphoid Progenitor
Common lymphoid progenitor gives rise to lymphocytes: T cells B cells Natural Killer (NK) cells
39
Precursor Cells or Blasts
Progenitor cells develop into precursor cells or blasts With these blast cells: Morphological characteristics begin to differentiate Large amount of mitosis – but only produce cells on the way to differentiation Blast Cells Start to get an idea or suggestion of what they will become Lots of mitosis – stem and progenitor cells undergo some mitosis, but that mitosis is really to maintain their relatively small populations; the blast cells under great mitosis, producing only cells on their way to differentiation, unlike stem and progenitor cells, which undergo asymmetric mitosis.
40
Proerythroblast
``` Large cell (12-20μm); large, spherical nucleus with 1 to 2 nucleoli Cytoplasm shows mild basophilia (free ribosomes) ```
41
Basophilic Erythroblast
Nucleus 10-16μm in diameter; progressively more heterochromatic Cytoplasm strongly basophilic  large numbers free ribosomes (polyribosomes) that synthesize hemoglobin
42
Polychromatophilic erythroblast:
Cytoplasm displays both acidophilia (hemoglobin) and basophilia (ribosomes), gives overall gray/lilac color Nucleus becoming smaller; coarse heterochromatin granules  checkerboard pattern
43
Orthochromatic erythroblast (normoblast):
``` Small, compact, densely stained nucleus Eosinophilic cytoplasm (large amount of hemoglobin) No longer capable of cell division ```
44
Polychromatophilic erythrocyte (reticulocyte)
No nucleus Some polyribosomes still present, impart slight basophilia to eosinophilic cells Can be found within bloodstream (1-2% of total RBC count)
45
Granulopoiesis
Eosinophils Basophils Neutrophils
46
Monocytopoiesis
Monocytes
47
Lymphopoiesis
B cells T cells NK cells
48
Granulocytes and Monocytes
Originate from common myeloid progenitor which differentiates into granulocyte/monocyte progenitors
49
Granulopoiesis
neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils undergo similar morphologic maturation process: myeloblast  promyelocyte  myelocyte  metamyelocyte  (*band cell)  mature cell
50
Lymphocytes
HSC  CLP  Lymphocytes T cells B cells NK cells
51
Thrombocytes (platelets
derived from megakaryocytes via thrombopoiesis: HSC  CMP MEP MKP  Megakaryoblast  Megakaryocyte  Platelets ``` HSC = hematopoietic stem cell CMP = common myeloid progenitor MEP = megakaryocyte/erythrocyte progenitor MKP = megakaryocyte progenitor ```
52
Megakaryoblast
``` large cell (30μm diameter); nonlobed nucleus Megakaryoblast undergoes successive endomitoses to become a platelet-producing megakaryocyte ```
53
Megakaryocyte
50 to 70μm in diameter; complex, multilobed nucleus and scattered azurophilic granules; polyploid cells (64N) Megakaryocytes located near sinusoids within bone marrow; send cytoplasmic extensions that break off as platelets Small bits of cytoplasm separated from peripheral regions of megakaryocytes by extensive platelet demarcation channels, lined by invaginations of plasma membrane Cytoplasmic fragments partitioned, forming individual platelets “foamy” peripheral cytoplasm represents areas where segmentation of platelets is occurring
54
Karyo
nucleus
55
Endomitoses
chromosomes replicate, but neither karyokinesis nor cytokinesis occurs Ploidy increases from 8N to 64N before chromosomal replication ceases; megakaryocytes are polyploid cells (cells whose nuclei contain multiple sets of chromosomes)
56
Bone Marrow
Located within medullary cavity and spaces of spongy bone | Consists of sinusoids (sinusoidal capillaries) and hematopoietic cords
57
Hematopoietic cords
developing blood cells, megakaryocytes, macrophages, mast cells, adipocytes Cells develop in clusters/nests located near sinusoids
58
Adventitial cells (reticular cells):
Send sheetlike extensions into hematopoietic cords  provide support for developing blood cells; stimulate differentiation of progenitor cells
59
Bone marrow cellularity
ratio of hematopoietic cells to adipocytes Bone marrow cellularity: 100 – age ± 10% Number of hematopoietic cells decreases with age
60
HSCCMPMEPErP
``` HSC = hematopoietic stem cell CMP = common myeloid progenitor cells MEP = Megakaryocyte/Erythrocyte progenitor cell ErP = Erythrocyte-Committed Progenitor ```
61
Normoblast
General term - do not use this.
62
Band cell
only affiliated with neutrophils. This stage helps get nucleus to be multilobular.

Anatomy 6511 (27 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions