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Anatomy 6511 > Muscle Tissue Histo > Flashcards

Muscle Tissue Histo Flashcards

1
Q

Muscle cytoplasm

A

Cytoplasm = Sarcoplasm

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2
Q

Smooth ER

A

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum = Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

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3
Q

Plasma Membrane or Plasmalemma

A

Sarcolemma

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4
Q

Muscle Cell

A

Muscle Fiber or Myofiber

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5
Q

Special Characteristics of Muscle Tissue

A

Excitability (or Irritability)
Contractility
Extensibility
Elasticity

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6
Q

Functions of Muscle Tissue:

A 
Producing Movement
Maintaining Posture
Stabilizing Joints
Generating Heat (i.e. Thermogenesis)
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7
Q

Skeletal Muscle

A 
Voluntary control
Strong, quick contractions
Striated
Large, elongated, cylindrical, syncytial (multinucleated) cells
Peripheral, oval nuclei
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8
Q

Cardiac Muscle

A 
Involuntary control
Strong, quick contractions
Striated
Uninucleated cells
Centrally located nucleus
Elongated and branched cells joined by intercalated discs
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9
Q

Smooth Muscle

A 
Involuntary control
Weak, slow contractions
Nonstriated
Uninucleated, fusiform cells
Centrally located nucleus
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10
Q

Type I Skeletal

A

Slow, Red Oxidative Fibers
Many mitochondria and lots of myoglobin (dark red color)
Derive energy primarily from aerobic oxidative phosphorylation of fatty acids

Adapted for slow, continuous contractions over long periods

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11
Q

Type IIa

A

Fast, Intermediate Oxidative-Glycolytic Fibers
Many mitochondria, and lots of myoglobin and glycogen (intermediate)
Utilize both oxidative metabolism and anaerobic glycolysis to produce energy
Adapted for rapid contractions and short bursts of activity

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12
Q

Type IIb

A

Fast, White Glycolytic Fibers
Fewer mitochondria and myoglobin, but LOTS of glycogen (pale color)
Derive energy primarily via anaerobic glycolysis
Adapted for rapid contractions, but fatigue quickly

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13
Q

M line

A

In the middle.

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14
Q

H band

A

No actin

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15
Q

A Band

A

all of myosin

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16
Q

I Band

A

no myosin

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17
Q

Sarcomere

A

1/2 of I band X2, all of A band.

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18
Q

Neuromuscular Junction (Motor End Plate)

A

A neuromuscular junction (motor end plate) is a chemical synapse between a motor (efferent) neuron and a skeletal muscle fiber (cell).
A motor unit is defined as the motor (efferent) neuron and all the muscle fibers (cells) it innervates.

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19
Q

A skeletal muscle (i.e. the organ) contains

A

Skeletal Muscle Tissue
Vessels (arteries, capillaries, veins, lymph vessels)
Nerve Fibers
Connective Tissue

20
Q

Connective tissue sheaths associated with skeletal muscle (i.e. the organ):

A

Endomysium
Perimysium
Epimysium

21
Q

FA = fascia adherens

A 
anchoring junction
links actin (thin) filaments
22
Q

D = desmosome

A

anchoring junction

links intermediate filaments

23
Q

N = gap junction

A

communicating junction

intracellular communication

24
Q

Muscle develops from

A

mesoderm

25
Q

Extensibility

A

Ability of tissue to be stretched or extended - passive process

26
Q

Contractility

A

Requires presence of ATP. refers to the capacity of muscle to contract or shorten forcefully

27
Q

Elasticity

A

is the ability of your muscles to extend in an activity and resume their contracted position. Optimize strong, safe, graceful movement by stretching to increase the elasticity of your muscles.

28
Q

Skeletal muscles

A

Cells 10 to 100 microm in diameter. In terms of length, they could be a few mm long to 1+ m in length (sartorius).

29
Q

Intercalated discs

A

Cardiac muscle (this muscle only has 1 nucleus- found centrally). Where one cell connects to another. Specialized junctions help cells communicate and hold them together.

30
Q

Cardiac muscle cells

A

15 microm in diameter, 85 to 100 microm in length.

31
Q

Smooth muscle

A

Nuclei in the center - fusiform (wide in center, narrow at end). Cells are 20microm in length in blood vessels, can be upwards of 500 microm in a pregnant uterus.

32
Q

Corkscrew nucleus

A

If you fix smooth msucle in contracted state, the way that actin/myosin sets up causes it to twist – twisting the nucleus with it.

33
Q

Myofibril

A

Sarcomeres - build together to form myofibers.

34
Q

Actin length

A

1 microm in length, 8 nm in width. 1 end attaches into Z disc, while other end extends into A band.

35
Q

Z- disc

A

wall/edge of sarcomere.

36
Q

Sliding filament hypothesis

A

Why contraction with shortening causes changes in sarcomere. Muscle contraction w/shortening occurs because rod-like myosin has globular heads. These have actin binding sites, and grab them to walk along them. This produces tension and potential shortening.

A band stays the same length - I band shrinks and disappears with full contraction. H zone goes away as well.

37
Q

each myosin interacts with

A

6 actin filaments. This is hexagonal in shape.

38
Q

Thick myofilament

A

central thick filament that is made up of myosin protein. Has tail of interwoven peptide chains, with two globular heads. Heads have binding sites for ATP and Actin, and ATPase activity.

39
Q

Actin

A

G actin - polymerize to form f-actin (fibrous actin). What you see is that each thin filament has 2 f-actin chains. Each g-actin subunit has a myosin binding site.

40
Q

Troponin complex

A

Has 3 subunits - found at regular intervals along each tropomyosin. TnT, TnC, TnI subunits. TnI inhibits, TnC where you have calcium being able to bind. TnT makes sure that troponin is stuck to tropomyosin.

41
Q

Calcium ions are

A

the final trigger for contraction. It signals for contraction, nerve signals this, T-tubules (extensions of sarcoplasmic reticulum in the cell) - transverse tubules - extensions of PM into cells, these fingerlike extensions in skeletal muscle come in twice at each sarcomere- at A/I band junctions. On either side of T-tubules, you have enlargements of Smooth ER called terminal* cisternae. Creates a triad- T-tubule, 2 terminal cisternae. When cell gets signal, action potential goes along membrane, down t-tubules, terminal cisternae, releases calcium.

while this is happening, cell is “pulling” calcium back in

42
Q

Acetocholine

A

Muscle nerve NT. Exocytosis releases these into cleft between axon terminal and motor neuron. Bind ligand gated channels, cause difference in voltage that causes action potential to begin.

43
Q

Topomyosin

A

blocks myosin binding. When calcium comes in binds to TnC, it moves tropomyosin away.

44
Q

Contraction cycle

A

Myosin has been waiting for Ca to show up. Once actin and myosin bind, myosin goes from high energy to low energy state. Creates tension, potentially movement. When ATP binds to myosin head, myosin lets go after ATP is hydrolyzed putting myosin back into the high energy state.

45
Q

Rigor mortis

A

Calcium floods cytoplasm - one of the first things that happens - comes from outside of cell, or from sarcoplasmic reticulum breaking down a bit.

46
Q

Cardiac muscle- Diads

A

Diad (SR) at each Z disc - not as elaborate as in skeletal musle.

The diad is a structure in the cardiac myocyte located at the sarcomere Z-line. It is composed of a single T-tubule paired with a terminal cisterna of the sarcoplasmic reticulum.

47
Q

Smooth muscle -actin and mysoin

A

Thick and thin filaments obliquely go through cell. Attach into dense bodies on cell surface (help connect cell to cell), or can be located deep in the cell. When the cell contracts, it shortens and twists.

Anatomy 6511 (27 decks)

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