Cardiovascular System Flashcards
Cardiovascular System
Tissues working together with structural relationship. Heart, vessels (include arteries, veins, cappilaries, arterioles, venules. Lungs technically a part as well, know w/respect to lungs.
Artery and veins
Mirror one another aesthetically.
Large veins exploited in clinics
Used for venopuncture. Putting in a line/injection. Superficial veins are one method of pharmaceutical/fluid delivery.
auscultation
Listening to sound - heart sounds, lungs, GI tract. Abdomen, GI, pulmonary, cardiac.
Midaxillary
Cuts body in thirds.
Midclavicular line
Exactly what it sounds like
T4 - T5 vertebral level
Corresponds to aortic arch. Also at level of 2nd rib. Also correlates to manubrial sternal joint. Also called sternal angle.
If you are talking about 2 vert for a location
Talking about intervertebral discs.
Auscultation points on thoracic region
Aortic valve, pulmonary valve (left and right of sternum between 2nd and 3rd rib). Tricuspid and mitral valve - bottom of sternal body and midway through rib 5.
Diastole
Filling - heart chambers.
Tricuspid
Right atrioventricular
superior border of the heart
at the 3rd costal cartilage on the R of the sternum and the 2nd intercostal space on the L of the sternum.
Heart sounds location
The tricuspid valve is heard just to the left of the lower part of the sternum near the 5th intercostal space
The mitral valve is heard over the apex of the heart in the L 5th intercostal space at the midclavicular line
The pulmonary valve is hear over the medial end of the L 2nd intercostal space.
The aortic valve is heard over the medial end of the R 2nd intercostal space.
Systole
Contracting/emptying of the heart.
Apex of heart
Anterior, inferior extent.
Coronary arteries
Aortic semilunar arteries - once you pass these, you have cardiac arteries. Cardiac veins flow directly into right atrium. This happens before the aortic arch*.
Just right of midline, deep in abdomen straight to brain, you have a
right side vena cava (venous channel). Fairly straight line to right femoral vein. Arteriole supply just left of midline.
To hear something, you must be
Out of the way of the sternum and downstream.
Tricuspid
Intercostal space of of 4th intercostal space, left of sternum.
Pulmonary valve
medial left 2nd intercostal space.
Mitral valve
left 5th intercostal space down midclavicular line.
Inferior border of heart..
moves due to diaphragm.
Cardiovascular system function
Transport - oxygen, nutrients, waste, hormones.
Left side of heart
Pump for systemic circuit - out to body cells. Left atrium receives oxygenated blood.
Right side of heart
Pump for pulmonary circuit.
Blood vessel walls have x layers
3
Tunica Interna or Tunica Intima
endothelium basal lamina subendothelial layer (internal elastic membrane – arteries and some arterioles)
Vein walls
Never as thick as corresponding artery. They can collapse upon themselves. Lumen is larger than corresponding artery however.
Tunica Media
contains rings of smooth muscles cells responsible for vasoconstriction and vasodilation; can also contain sheets or lamellae or laminae of elastin
(external elastic membrane – arteries)
Tunica Externa or Tunica Adventitia
in larger vessels this tunic contains a vasa vasorum and a nervi vascularis.
Tunica media
Arteries thickest layer.
Veins
Veins – thickest layer is the tunica externa
Capilarries
Lost externa, lost media. Endothelial cells with basal lamina associated with it.
4 types of arteries
Elastic/conducting arteries (large)
Muscular or distributing arteries (medium)
Small Arteries
Arterioles
Elastic/conducting arteries (large)
Largest arteries. Diameter greater than 10 mm. Aorta, common illiacs. Lots of elastic fibers/lamellae, conducts blood away from heart even though heart is relaxing (acting as a pressure reserve due to elasticity). Elastic aorta pushed out with systole, *recoil of aorta adds pressure when in diastole. This keeps blood going at all times.
Muscular or distributing arteries (medium)
Medium - 2mm to 10 mm diameter. Most of named blood vessels are this. Contain a large amount of smooth muscle in tunica media. Distributing arteries -by them contracting/dilating, they can control blood flow to diff parts of body. Actin contraction will cause nuclei of smooth muscle cells to “twist.”
Small arteries
0.1 mm to 2 mm in diameter. 3-8 layers smooth muscle in tunica media.
Arterioles
10 microm to 100 microm in diameter. Only one or two layers of smooth muscle in tunica media.
Capillaries
4 microm to 10 microm. Endothelial cells and basal lamina = wall. Allow exchange of materials.
Venules
10 microm to 100 microm. Two types - postcapillary (endothelial cell w/basal lamina and pericytes - no tunica media, no adventitia.
Muscular venule - tunica media w/1 or 2 layers of smotth muscle, thin tunica adventitia, no pericytes.
Small veins
0.1 mm to 1 mm in diameter, receive blood from muscular venule.
Medium Veins
Medium Veins – 1mm to 10mm in diameter; all three layers present.
Large Veins
Large Veins – larger than 10mm in diameter; all three layers present.
