Cardiovascular System

Question 1

Cardiovascular System

Answer 1

Tissues working together with structural relationship. Heart, vessels (include arteries, veins, cappilaries, arterioles, venules. Lungs technically a part as well, know w/respect to lungs.

Question 2

Artery and veins

Answer 2

Mirror one another aesthetically.

Question 3

Large veins exploited in clinics

Answer 3

Used for venopuncture. Putting in a line/injection. Superficial veins are one method of pharmaceutical/fluid delivery.

Question 4

auscultation

Answer 4

Listening to sound - heart sounds, lungs, GI tract. Abdomen, GI, pulmonary, cardiac.

Question 5

Midaxillary

Answer 5

Cuts body in thirds.

Question 6

Midclavicular line

Answer 6

Exactly what it sounds like

Question 7

T4 - T5 vertebral level

Answer 7

Corresponds to aortic arch. Also at level of 2nd rib. Also correlates to manubrial sternal joint. Also called sternal angle.

Question 8

If you are talking about 2 vert for a location

Answer 8

Talking about intervertebral discs.

Question 9

Auscultation points on thoracic region

Answer 9

Aortic valve, pulmonary valve (left and right of sternum between 2nd and 3rd rib). Tricuspid and mitral valve - bottom of sternal body and midway through rib 5.

Question 10

Diastole

Answer 10

Filling - heart chambers.

Question 11

Tricuspid

Answer 11

Right atrioventricular

Question 12

superior border of the heart

Answer 12

at the 3rd costal cartilage on the R of the sternum and the 2nd intercostal space on the L of the sternum.

Question 13

Heart sounds location

Answer 13

The tricuspid valve is heard just to the left of the lower part of the sternum near the 5th intercostal space
The mitral valve is heard over the apex of the heart in the L 5th intercostal space at the midclavicular line
The pulmonary valve is hear over the medial end of the L 2nd intercostal space.
The aortic valve is heard over the medial end of the R 2nd intercostal space.

Question 14

Systole

Answer 14

Contracting/emptying of the heart.

Question 15

Apex of heart

Answer 15

Anterior, inferior extent.

Question 16

Coronary arteries

Answer 16

Aortic semilunar arteries - once you pass these, you have cardiac arteries. Cardiac veins flow directly into right atrium. This happens before the aortic arch*.

Question 17

Just right of midline, deep in abdomen straight to brain, you have a

Answer 17

right side vena cava (venous channel). Fairly straight line to right femoral vein. Arteriole supply just left of midline.

Question 18

To hear something, you must be

Answer 18

Out of the way of the sternum and downstream.

Question 19

Tricuspid

Answer 19

Intercostal space of of 4th intercostal space, left of sternum.

Question 20

Pulmonary valve

Answer 20

medial left 2nd intercostal space.

Question 21

Mitral valve

Answer 21

left 5th intercostal space down midclavicular line.

Question 22

Inferior border of heart..

Answer 22

moves due to diaphragm.

Question 23

Cardiovascular system function

Answer 23

Transport - oxygen, nutrients, waste, hormones.

Question 24

Left side of heart

Answer 24

Pump for systemic circuit - out to body cells. Left atrium receives oxygenated blood.

Question 25

Right side of heart

Answer 25

Pump for pulmonary circuit.

Question 26

Blood vessel walls have x layers

Answer 26

3

Question 27

Tunica Interna or Tunica Intima

Answer 27

endothelium
basal lamina
subendothelial layer
(internal elastic membrane – arteries and some arterioles)

Question 28

Vein walls

Answer 28

Never as thick as corresponding artery. They can collapse upon themselves. Lumen is larger than corresponding artery however.

Question 29

Tunica Media

Answer 29

contains rings of smooth muscles cells responsible for vasoconstriction and vasodilation; can also contain sheets or lamellae or laminae of elastin
(external elastic membrane – arteries)

Question 30

Tunica Externa or Tunica Adventitia

Answer 30

in larger vessels this tunic contains a vasa vasorum and a nervi vascularis.

Question 31

Tunica media

Answer 31

Arteries thickest layer.

Question 32

Veins

Answer 32

Veins – thickest layer is the tunica externa

Question 33

Capilarries

Answer 33

Lost externa, lost media. Endothelial cells with basal lamina associated with it.

Question 34

4 types of arteries

Answer 34

Elastic/conducting arteries (large)
Muscular or distributing arteries (medium)
Small Arteries
Arterioles

Question 35

Elastic/conducting arteries (large)

Answer 35

Largest arteries. Diameter greater than 10 mm. Aorta, common illiacs. Lots of elastic fibers/lamellae, conducts blood away from heart even though heart is relaxing (acting as a pressure reserve due to elasticity). Elastic aorta pushed out with systole, *recoil of aorta adds pressure when in diastole. This keeps blood going at all times.

Question 36

Muscular or distributing arteries (medium)

Answer 36

Medium - 2mm to 10 mm diameter. Most of named blood vessels are this. Contain a large amount of smooth muscle in tunica media. Distributing arteries -by them contracting/dilating, they can control blood flow to diff parts of body. Actin contraction will cause nuclei of smooth muscle cells to “twist.”

Question 37

Small arteries

Answer 37

0.1 mm to 2 mm in diameter. 3-8 layers smooth muscle in tunica media.

Question 38

Arterioles

Answer 38

10 microm to 100 microm in diameter. Only one or two layers of smooth muscle in tunica media.

Question 39

Capillaries

Answer 39

4 microm to 10 microm. Endothelial cells and basal lamina = wall. Allow exchange of materials.

Question 40

Venules

Answer 40

10 microm to 100 microm. Two types - postcapillary (endothelial cell w/basal lamina and pericytes - no tunica media, no adventitia.
Muscular venule - tunica media w/1 or 2 layers of smotth muscle, thin tunica adventitia, no pericytes.

Question 41

Small veins

Answer 41

0.1 mm to 1 mm in diameter, receive blood from muscular venule.

Question 42

Medium Veins

Answer 42

Medium Veins – 1mm to 10mm in diameter; all three layers present.

Question 43

Large Veins

Answer 43

Large Veins – larger than 10mm in diameter; all three layers present.