Musculoskeletal system

Question 1

what is an example of a plane/gliding joint?

Answer 1

carpal and tarsal

Question 2

what is an example of a hinge joint?

Answer 2

elbow and stifle

Question 3

what is an example of a pivot joint?

Answer 3

atlantoaxial

Question 4

what is an example of a condylar joint?

Answer 4

hock

Question 5

what is an example of a ball and socket joint?

Answer 5

hip and shoulder

Question 6

what are the three types of muscle tissue?

Answer 6

• cardiac
• smooth (involuntary)
• skeletal (striated/voluntary)

Question 7

what is cardiac muscle tissue?

Answer 7

• muscle specific to the heart
• responsible for keeping heart pumping

Question 8

what contains cells that expand and contract in response to electrical impulses?

Answer 8

myocardium

Question 9

is cardiac tissue involuntary or voluntary?

Answer 9

involuntary - we don’t have to think about keeping our heart pumping

Question 10

what is smooth muscle tissue?

Answer 10

• located in walls of hollow visceral organs
• in cardiovascular, respiratory, and genitourinary systems
• responsible for movements like blood flow, digestion, urinary

Question 11

is smooth muscle tissue voluntary or involuntary?

Answer 11

involuntary

Question 12

what is skeletal muscle tissue?

Answer 12

• attached to bones by tendons
• striated
• muscle fibres are bound together by connective tissue

Question 13

what does striated mean?

Answer 13

long and thin multinucleated fibres crossed with red and white lines

Question 14

is skeletal muscle tissue involuntary and voluntary?

Answer 14

voluntary

Question 15

what are the three steps of movement?

Answer 15

1 - brain sends message to motor neurones
2 - triggers release of chemical acetylcholine from the presynaptic
3 - muscle responds to acetylcholine by contacting

Question 16

what is included in the axial/thoracic muscle group?

Answer 16

• diaphragm
• epaxial
• hypaxial
• intercostal

Question 17

what is included in the abdominal muscle group?

Answer 17

• obliques
• rectus and transversus abdominis

Question 18

what is included in the forelimb muscle group?

Answer 18

• biceps brachii
• quadriceps femoris
• gluteal
• hamstring group
• semimembranosus and semitendinosus

Question 19

axial muscles : what are the epaxial muscles?

Answer 19

• muscles located dorsally along the spine
• function to mobilize and stabilize the trunk

Question 20

axial muscles : what are the hypaxial muscles?

Answer 20

• muscles located below the spine
• two functions - locomotion and ventilation

Question 21

thoracic muscles : what are the intercostal muscles?

Answer 21

• made up of 3 layers : external, internal, and subcostal
• between the ribs
• help form and move the chest wall
• involved in breathing - they expand and shrink the chest

Question 22

thoracic muscles : what is the diaphragm?

Answer 22

• located between the lungs
• major muscle of respiration
• contracts rhythmically and continually
• 3 openings; aortic hiatus, oesophageal hiatus, caval foremen

Question 23

what are the 4 abdominal muscles?

Answer 23

• external abdominal obliques
• internal abdominal obliques
• rectus abdominus
• transversus abdominus

Question 24

what do the 4 abdominal muscles assist in?

Answer 24

• urination
• defecation
• locomotion
• parturition
• respiration

Question 25

what three muscles make up the fore limb?

Answer 25

- biceps brachii - triceps - supraspiratus

Question 26

what is the biceps brachii?

Answer 26

- from scapula to radius and ulna - flexion, stabilisation, and extension of shoulder

Question 27

what are the triceps?

Answer 27

- from the scapula to the olecranon of the elbow - made up of four heads; long, lateral, medial, accessory - help extend or straighten the elbow joint - long head works to flex shoulder joint

Question 28

what is the supraspinatus?

Answer 28

- found in the fossa of the scapula to the humerus - responsible for the stabilisation of the shoulder

Question 29

what four muscles make up the hindlimb group?

Answer 29

- hamstring group - biceps femoris - quadriceps - gluteals

Question 30

what is the hamstring group?

Answer 30

- consists of the biceps femoris, semitendinosus, and semimembranous muscles - superficial muscles of the hip and thigh - all three retract the hip

Question 31

what does the semimembranosus muscle do?

Answer 31

flexes the stifle

Question 32

what does the semitendinosus muscle do?

Answer 32

extends the stifle

Question 33

what is the biceps femoris?

Answer 33

- found on caudal aspect of femur - flexion of stifle, extends hock, and retracts hip

Question 34

what are the quadriceps?

Answer 34

- found on the cranial aspect of the femur - main extensor of the stifle - made up of four muscles (rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius)

Question 35

what are the gluteals?

Answer 35

- aka haunches - divided into superficial, middle, deep - found on the ilium down to the femur - all three extend the hip and abduct the hindlimb