Musculoskeletal system Flashcards
what is an example of a plane/gliding joint?
carpal and tarsal
what is an example of a hinge joint?
elbow and stifle
what is an example of a pivot joint?
atlantoaxial
what is an example of a condylar joint?
hock
what is an example of a ball and socket joint?
hip and shoulder
what are the three types of muscle tissue?
- cardiac
- smooth (involuntary)
- skeletal (striated/voluntary)
what is cardiac muscle tissue?
- muscle specific to the heart
- responsible for keeping heart pumping
what contains cells that expand and contract in response to electrical impulses?
myocardium
is cardiac tissue involuntary or voluntary?
involuntary - we don’t have to think about keeping our heart pumping
what is smooth muscle tissue?
- located in walls of hollow visceral organs
- in cardiovascular, respiratory, and genitourinary systems
- responsible for movements like blood flow, digestion, urinary
is smooth muscle tissue voluntary or involuntary?
involuntary
what is skeletal muscle tissue?
- attached to bones by tendons
- striated
- muscle fibres are bound together by connective tissue
what does striated mean?
long and thin multinucleated fibres crossed with red and white lines
is skeletal muscle tissue involuntary and voluntary?
voluntary
what are the three steps of movement?
1 - brain sends message to motor neurones
2 - triggers release of chemical acetylcholine from the presynaptic
3 - muscle responds to acetylcholine by contacting
what is included in the axial/thoracic muscle group?
- diaphragm
- epaxial
- hypaxial
- intercostal
what is included in the abdominal muscle group?
- obliques
- rectus and transversus abdominis
what is included in the forelimb muscle group?
- biceps brachii
- quadriceps femoris
- gluteal
- hamstring group
- semimembranosus and semitendinosus
axial muscles : what are the epaxial muscles?
- muscles located dorsally along the spine
- function to mobilize and stabilize the trunk
axial muscles : what are the hypaxial muscles?
- muscles located below the spine
- two functions - locomotion and ventilation
thoracic muscles : what are the intercostal muscles?
- made up of 3 layers : external, internal, and subcostal
- between the ribs
- help form and move the chest wall
- involved in breathing - they expand and shrink the chest
thoracic muscles : what is the diaphragm?
- located between the lungs
- major muscle of respiration
- contracts rhythmically and continually
- 3 openings; aortic hiatus, oesophageal hiatus, caval foremen
what are the 4 abdominal muscles?
- external abdominal obliques
- internal abdominal obliques
- rectus abdominus
- transversus abdominus
what do the 4 abdominal muscles assist in?
- urination
- defecation
- locomotion
- parturition
- respiration
what three muscles make up the fore limb?
- biceps brachii
- triceps
- supraspiratus
what is the biceps brachii?
- from scapula to radius and ulna
- flexion, stabilisation, and extension of shoulder
what are the triceps?
- from the scapula to the olecranon of the elbow
- made up of four heads; long, lateral, medial, accessory
- help extend or straighten the elbow joint
- long head works to flex shoulder joint
what is the supraspinatus?
- found in the fossa of the scapula to the humerus
- responsible for the stabilisation of the shoulder
what four muscles make up the hindlimb group?
- hamstring group
- biceps femoris
- quadriceps
- gluteals
what is the hamstring group?
- consists of the biceps femoris, semitendinosus, and semimembranous muscles
- superficial muscles of the hip and thigh
- all three retract the hip
what does the semimembranosus muscle do?
flexes the stifle
what does the semitendinosus muscle do?
extends the stifle
what is the biceps femoris?
- found on caudal aspect of femur
- flexion of stifle, extends hock, and retracts hip
what are the quadriceps?
- found on the cranial aspect of the femur
- main extensor of the stifle
- made up of four muscles (rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius)
what are the gluteals?
- aka haunches
- divided into superficial, middle, deep
- found on the ilium down to the femur
- all three extend the hip and abduct the hindlimb
