Components of blood

Question 1

what is blood?

Answer 1

a complex fluid which has white and red blood cells in it

Question 2

what does blood do?

Answer 2

serves as a transport and distribution system

Question 3

what are the three types of blood cells?

Answer 3

• erythrocytes
• leucocytes
• thrombocytes

Question 4

what do erythrocytes do?

Answer 4

transport oxygen from the lungs to body tissue

Question 5

what gives erythrocytes their biconcave shape?

Answer 5

when they mature they lose their nucleus

Question 6

what is a positive of erythrocytes losing their nucleus?

Answer 6

more surface area which allows more gas exchange

Question 7

what are the average numbers for a dog and cat of erythrocytes in the blood?

Answer 7

• dog - 5.5-8.5 x10 (12)/litre
• cat - 5-10 x10 (12)/litre

Question 8

what colour is a single fresh RBC?

Answer 8

pale green-yellow colour

Question 9

what colour are erythrocytes when they are packed together?

Answer 9

Red due to haemoglobin molecules

Question 10

where does erythropoiesis take place?

Answer 10

Red bone marrow

Question 11

what is the life span of red blood cells in a dog and cat?

Answer 11

• dog - 120 days
• cat - 68 days

Question 12

how are aged/damaged erythrocytes removed?

Answer 12

by the macrophages

Question 13

what hormone stimulates erythropoieis?

Answer 13

erythropoietin

Question 14

what is it called when haemoglobin binds with oxygen?

Answer 14

oxyhaemoglobin

Question 15

what is it called when carbon dioxide binds with haemoglobin?

Answer 15

carbaminohaemoglobin

Question 16

where is carbon dioxide released from?

Answer 16

tissue cells to dissolve in the plasma

Question 17

what is a leucocyte?

Answer 17

White blood cell

Question 18

what is a young red blood cell called?

Answer 18

reticulocyte

Question 19

does a leucocyte have a nucleus?

Answer 19

yes

Question 20

when do leucocytes migrate out of blood vessels into tissue?

Answer 20

when there is an infection

Question 21

what are the two categories of leucocytes?

Answer 21

• agranular
• granular

Question 22

what are the granular leucocytes?

Answer 22

• neutrophils
• eosinophils
• basophils

Question 23

what are the agranular leucocytes?

Answer 23

• lymphocytes
• monocyte

Question 24

what are some characteristics of a lymphocyte?

Answer 24

• spherical
• agranular
• smallest white blood cell
• large nucleus surrounded by small ring with grey/blue cytoplasm

Question 25

what does a lymphocyte produce?

Answer 25

antibodies

Question 26

what are some characteristics of a monocyte?

Answer 26

- agranular - nucleus indented ovals (horseshoes) - lots of vacuoles

Question 27

what process is a monocyte involved in?

Answer 27

phagocytosis

Question 28

what are some characteristics of a neutrophil?

Answer 28

- granular - phagocytic cells - 2-5 lobes of nucleus

Question 29

when would you see more neutrophils?

Answer 29

when there is. an infection

Question 30

what are some characteristics of eosinophils?

Answer 30

- granular - bi-lobed nucleus - pink cytoplasm

Question 31

when would there be an increase in eosinophils?

Answer 31

increase in parasitic conditions and combating allergic reactions

Question 32

what are some characteristics of basophils?

Answer 32

- granular - segmented nucleus

Question 33

what do basophils produce?

Answer 33

- histamine and heparin

Question 34

what are some characteristics of thrombocytes?

Answer 34

- round/oval shape - no nucleus - platelets

Question 35

what do thrombocytes have a role in?

Answer 35

- haemostasis (blood clotting)

Question 36

what is the definition of plasma?

Answer 36

fluid in which cellular components of blood are suspended

Question 37

what is the definition of serum?

Answer 37

plasma minus clotting agent fibrinogen and other clotting factors

Question 38

where is urea formed and excreted?

Answer 38

- formed in liver and excreted by kidneys

Question 39

what is blood urea nitrogen?

Answer 39

number of mg of urea nitrogen per 100ml of blood

Question 40

what is blood urea?

Answer 40

number of mg of urea per 100ml of blood

Question 41

what are some differentials for pre-renal?

Answer 41

- fever - infection - necrosis - high protein diet

Question 42

what are some differential for renal?

Answer 42

- increased blood urea nitrogen - 75% of nephrons become non-functional

Question 43

what are some differentials for post-renal?

Answer 43

- something after the kidneys causes problems - urethral obstructions - ruptured bladder

Question 44

what are some differentials of decreased BUN?

Answer 44

- liver failure - anabolic steroid use - portosystemic shunts - low protein diet

Question 45

what are some characteristics of creatinine?

Answer 45

- metabolite of creatine (stores energy in muscles) - filtered by kidney

Question 46

what does an increase in urea nitrogen and/or creatinine called?

Answer 46

azotaemia

Question 47

what organ controls glucose levels?

Answer 47

pancreas

Question 48

what is it called when glucose activity reabsorbed in renal tublules exceeds 10-12mmol/L?

Answer 48

glucosuria

Question 49

what are the normal glucose levels for dog and cat?

Answer 49

- dog - 4.11-7.94 mmol/L - cat - 4.11-8.83 mmol/L

Question 50

What are some reasons of elevated glucose?

Answer 50

- post prandial - diabetes - pancreatitis - stress

Question 51

what are some reasons for decreased glucose?

Answer 51

- addisons - starvation - insulin treatment

Question 52

why could enzyme levels elevate?

Answer 52

- if cells have died or been badly injured

Question 53

what is ALT and why would it be elevated?

Answer 53

- Alanine Aminotransferase - elevated due to hepatocellular damage/severe muscle damage

Question 54

what is AST , where is it found, and why would it be elevated?

Answer 54

- Aspartate Aminotransferase - found in skeletal and cardiac muscle, and liver - muscle damage

Question 55

what is ALP, where is it found, and why would it be elevated?

Answer 55

- Alkaline phosphatase - found in bones (osteoblasts), liver, intestinal wall -elevated in young animals

Question 56

what is a reason for high thyroxine?

Answer 56

hyperthyroidism

Question 57

what is a reason for low thyroxine?

Answer 57

hypothyroidism

Question 58

what is addison's?

Answer 58

hypoadrenocorticism

Question 59

what is cushing's?

Answer 59

hyperadrenocorticism

Question 60

what would a high cortisol reading indicate after ACTH stim testing?

Answer 60

cushings

Question 61

what would a low cortisol reading indicate after ACTH stim testing?

Answer 61

addisons