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VN02 > Components of blood > Flashcards

Components of blood Flashcards

1
Q

what is blood?

A

a complex fluid which has white and red blood cells in it

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2
Q

what does blood do?

A

serves as a transport and distribution system

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3
Q

what are the three types of blood cells?

A
  • erythrocytes
  • leucocytes
  • thrombocytes
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4
Q

what do erythrocytes do?

A

transport oxygen from the lungs to body tissue

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5
Q

what gives erythrocytes their biconcave shape?

A

when they mature they lose their nucleus

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6
Q

what is a positive of erythrocytes losing their nucleus?

A

more surface area which allows more gas exchange

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7
Q

what are the average numbers for a dog and cat of erythrocytes in the blood?

A
  • dog - 5.5-8.5 x10 (12)/litre
  • cat - 5-10 x10 (12)/litre
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8
Q

what colour is a single fresh RBC?

A

pale green-yellow colour

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9
Q

what colour are erythrocytes when they are packed together?

A

Red due to haemoglobin molecules

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10
Q

where does erythropoiesis take place?

A

Red bone marrow

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11
Q

what is the life span of red blood cells in a dog and cat?

A
  • dog - 120 days
  • cat - 68 days
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12
Q

how are aged/damaged erythrocytes removed?

A

by the macrophages

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13
Q

what hormone stimulates erythropoieis?

A

erythropoietin

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14
Q

what is it called when haemoglobin binds with oxygen?

A

oxyhaemoglobin

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15
Q

what is it called when carbon dioxide binds with haemoglobin?

A

carbaminohaemoglobin

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16
Q

where is carbon dioxide released from?

A

tissue cells to dissolve in the plasma

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17
Q

what is a leucocyte?

A

White blood cell

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18
Q

what is a young red blood cell called?

A

reticulocyte

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19
Q

does a leucocyte have a nucleus?

A

yes

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20
Q

when do leucocytes migrate out of blood vessels into tissue?

A

when there is an infection

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21
Q

what are the two categories of leucocytes?

A
  • agranular
  • granular
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22
Q

what are the granular leucocytes?

A
  • neutrophils
  • eosinophils
  • basophils
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23
Q

what are the agranular leucocytes?

A
  • lymphocytes
  • monocyte
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24
Q

what are some characteristics of a lymphocyte?

A
  • spherical
  • agranular
  • smallest white blood cell
  • large nucleus surrounded by small ring with grey/blue cytoplasm
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25
Q

what does a lymphocyte produce?

A

antibodies

26
Q

what are some characteristics of a monocyte?

A
  • agranular
  • nucleus indented ovals (horseshoes)
  • lots of vacuoles
27
Q

what process is a monocyte involved in?

A

phagocytosis

28
Q

what are some characteristics of a neutrophil?

A
  • granular
  • phagocytic cells
  • 2-5 lobes of nucleus
29
Q

when would you see more neutrophils?

A

when there is. an infection

30
Q

what are some characteristics of eosinophils?

A
  • granular
  • bi-lobed nucleus
  • pink cytoplasm
31
Q

when would there be an increase in eosinophils?

A

increase in parasitic conditions and combating allergic reactions

32
Q

what are some characteristics of basophils?

A
  • granular
  • segmented nucleus
33
Q

what do basophils produce?

A
  • histamine and heparin
34
Q

what are some characteristics of thrombocytes?

A
  • round/oval shape
  • no nucleus
  • platelets
35
Q

what do thrombocytes have a role in?

A
  • haemostasis (blood clotting)
36
Q

what is the definition of plasma?

A

fluid in which cellular components of blood are suspended

37
Q

what is the definition of serum?

A

plasma minus clotting agent fibrinogen and other clotting factors

38
Q

where is urea formed and excreted?

A
  • formed in liver and excreted by kidneys
39
Q

what is blood urea nitrogen?

A

number of mg of urea nitrogen per 100ml of blood

40
Q

what is blood urea?

A

number of mg of urea per 100ml of blood

41
Q

what are some differentials for pre-renal?

A
  • fever
  • infection
  • necrosis
  • high protein diet
42
Q

what are some differential for renal?

A
  • increased blood urea nitrogen
  • 75% of nephrons become non-functional
43
Q

what are some differentials for post-renal?

A
  • something after the kidneys causes problems
  • urethral obstructions
  • ruptured bladder
44
Q

what are some differentials of decreased BUN?

A
  • liver failure
  • anabolic steroid use
  • portosystemic shunts
  • low protein diet
45
Q

what are some characteristics of creatinine?

A
  • metabolite of creatine (stores energy in muscles)
  • filtered by kidney
46
Q

what does an increase in urea nitrogen and/or creatinine called?

A

azotaemia

47
Q

what organ controls glucose levels?

A

pancreas

48
Q

what is it called when glucose activity reabsorbed in renal tublules exceeds 10-12mmol/L?

A

glucosuria

49
Q

what are the normal glucose levels for dog and cat?

A
  • dog - 4.11-7.94 mmol/L
  • cat - 4.11-8.83 mmol/L
50
Q

What are some reasons of elevated glucose?

A
  • post prandial
  • diabetes
  • pancreatitis
  • stress
51
Q

what are some reasons for decreased glucose?

A
  • addisons
  • starvation
  • insulin treatment
52
Q

why could enzyme levels elevate?

A
  • if cells have died or been badly injured
53
Q

what is ALT and why would it be elevated?

A
  • Alanine Aminotransferase
  • elevated due to hepatocellular damage/severe muscle damage
54
Q

what is AST , where is it found, and why would it be elevated?

A
  • Aspartate Aminotransferase
  • found in skeletal and cardiac muscle, and liver
  • muscle damage
55
Q

what is ALP, where is it found, and why would it be elevated?

A
  • Alkaline phosphatase
  • found in bones (osteoblasts), liver, intestinal wall
    -elevated in young animals
56
Q

what is a reason for high thyroxine?

A

hyperthyroidism

57
Q

what is a reason for low thyroxine?

A

hypothyroidism

58
Q

what is addison’s?

A

hypoadrenocorticism

59
Q

what is cushing’s?

A

hyperadrenocorticism

60
Q

what would a high cortisol reading indicate after ACTH stim testing?

A

cushings

61
Q

what would a low cortisol reading indicate after ACTH stim testing?

A

addisons

VN02 (20 decks)

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