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VN02 > Anatomical directions, body cavities, and ossification > Flashcards

Anatomical directions, body cavities, and ossification Flashcards

1
Q

What is the median plane?

A
  • splits animal into exact left and right halves
  • nose to tail
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2
Q

what is the sagittal plane?

A
  • splits animal into left and right halves without exact symmetry
  • nose to tail but deviates left to right
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3
Q

what is the dorsal plane?

A
  • splits animal into top and bottom halves
  • top half
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4
Q

what is the transverse plane?

A

-splits animal into cranial and caudal halves

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5
Q

what is protraction?

A

limb forward

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6
Q

what is retraction?

A

limb backwards

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7
Q

what is adduction?

A

limb towards midline

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8
Q

what is abduction?

A

limb away from midline

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9
Q

what is flexion?

A

reduce smallest joint angle

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10
Q

what is extension?

A

increase the angle

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11
Q

what is overextension?

A

beyond 180 degrees

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12
Q

what is pronation?

A

palms downwards

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13
Q

what is supination?

A

palms upwards

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14
Q

what is circumduction?

A

limb extremity moves in a circle

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15
Q

what is gliding?

A

one articular surface slides over another

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16
Q

what is a ligament?

A

dense connective tissue band - bone to bone

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17
Q

what is a tendon?

A

dense connective tissue - muscle to bone

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18
Q

what is in the thorax cavity?

A
  • vagus nerve - aorta - vena cava - thymus - thoracic duct - lungs - heart - distal trachea - bronchi - oesophagus
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19
Q

what is in the abdominal cavity?

A
  • stomach - liver - spleen - gall bladder - pancreas - small intestine - caecum - large intestine - colon - rectum - bladder - ureters - urethra - kidneys - uterus - ovaries
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20
Q

what is the lining of the walls of any cavity called?

A

parietal

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21
Q

what is the lining of the organs of any cavity called?

A

visceral

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22
Q

true or false: parietal and visceral linings are one continuous sheet of serious tissue

A

true

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23
Q

what is the term that relates to body cavity and organ lining in the thoracic cavity?

A

pleura

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24
Q

what is the tissue that lines the walls of the thoracic cavity called?

A

parietal pleura

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25
Q

what is the tissue that lines the organs of the thoracic cavity called?

A

visceral pleura

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26
Q

what is the term that relates to body cavity and organ lining in the abdominal cavity?

A

peritoneum

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27
Q

what is the tissue that lines the walls of the abdominal cavity called?

A

parietal peritoneum

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28
Q

what is the tissue that lines the organs of the abdominal cavity called?

A

visceral peritoneum

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29
Q

what allows lubrication and organs to glide other each other in the cavities?

A

serous fluid

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30
Q

what can the change in consistency or decreased production of the serous fluid cause?

A

adhesions

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31
Q

what is the mediastinum?

A

the cavity between the left and right lungs which contains the heart and aorta

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32
Q

what is the diaphragm?

A

it separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities

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33
Q

what is the hole in the diaphragm that allows for the aorta to pass through called?

A

aortic hiatus

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34
Q

what is the hole in the diaphragm that allows the oesophagus to pass through called?

A

oesophageal hiatus

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35
Q

what is the hole in the diaphragm that allows the vena cava to pass through called?

A

caval foramen

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36
Q

what are the thorax boundaries for these anatomical directions?
- dorsal
- ventral
- cranial
- caudal
- lateral

A
  • dorsal - thoracic vertebrae
  • ventral - sternum
  • cranial - thoracic inlet
  • caudal - diaphragm
  • lateral - ribs
37
Q

what are the abdomen boundaries for these anatomical directions?
- dorsal
- ventral
- cranial
- caudal
- lateral

A
  • dorsal -lumbar vertebrae
  • ventral - abdominal muscles
  • cranial - diaphragm
  • caudal - pelvic inlet
  • lateral - abdominal muscles
38
Q

what are the pelvic boundaries for these anatomical directions?
- dorsal
- ventral
- cranial
- caudal
- lateral

A
  • dorsal - sacrum
  • ventral - pelvic bones
  • cranial - pelvic inlet
  • caudal - pelvic diaphragm
  • lateral - pelvic bones
39
Q

what are the functions of the skeletal system?

A
  • support
  • locomotion
  • mineral storage
  • haematopoiesis
  • protection
40
Q

how can joints be classified?

A

by the type of tissue they were made from (fibrous, cartilaginous, or synovial) or type of movement they allow

41
Q

how does the skeletal system provide support?

A

holds animal in position and provides scaffold for attachment of muscles, tissues, skin and organs

42
Q

how does the skeletal system provide locomotion?

A

provides an attachment for muscles

43
Q

how does the skeletal system provide mineral storage?

A
  • stores essential minerals, calcium and phosphorus which gives bones strength and rigidity
  • allows them to dissolve minerals into the blood
44
Q

how does the skeletal system provide haematopoiesis?

A
  • (formation of blood cells)
  • haematopoietic tissue forming the bone marrow manufactures erythrocytes (rbc) , platelets, and granular leukocytes (wbc)
  • production is dependent on demand
45
Q

how does the skeletal system provide protection of internal organs?

A
  • vertebrae, ribs and sternum form a cage which encloses organs
  • skull protects brain and stem of spinal cord
  • eyeball protected in a socket
46
Q

what are the three principles found in bones?

A
  • osteoblasts (immature cells which can synthesize osteoid)
  • osteocytes (mature cells which maintain bone structure)
  • osteoclasts (cells which can breakdown and re-model bone
47
Q

what are the two types of bone structure?

A

compact bone and cancellous bone

48
Q

what does bone consist of?

A
  • cells
  • collagen
  • glyco-proteins
  • calcium
49
Q

what is compact bone?

A
  • found in the cortex of long bones
  • found in areas prone to stress
  • lamellae are arranged around the haversian canal (contains blood vessels, nerves, and loose connective tissue)
50
Q

what are gaps in lamellae called and what do the gaps contain?

A

lacunae, they contain osteocytes

51
Q

what are concentric circles of matrix in compact bone called?

A

lamellae

52
Q

what does the haversian canal contain?

A

blood vessels, nerves, and loose connective tissues

53
Q

what is cancellous bone?

A
  • commonly found in vertebrae, flat bones and at the end of long bones
  • comprises of trabeculae with spaces in between which decreases strength
54
Q

what is trabeculae?

A

interconnected bars of bone

55
Q

what are the 5 types of bones?

A
  • long
  • short
  • flat
  • irregular
  • sesamoid
56
Q

what are some examples of long bones?

A
  • humerus
  • radius
  • fibula
  • femur
  • tibia
57
Q

long bones: what are epiphyses?

A

the two ends of the bone, composed of cancellous, covered with a thin layer of compact

58
Q

long bones: what are diaphysis?

A

shaft of the bone, composed of tough cylinders of compact bone

59
Q

long bones: what are metaphysis?

A

region where the diaphysis meets the epiphysis

60
Q

long bones: what shaft is filled with bone marrow?

A

medullary cavity

61
Q

long bones: what is the articular cartilage?

A

a thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering both ends of the epiphyses

62
Q

long bones: what is the periosteum?

A
  • a sheath of tough connective tissue covering the non-articular surface of all bones
  • essential for bone growth, repair and nutrition
  • outer and inner layer
63
Q

long bones: what is the endosteum?

A
  • consisting of a layer of osteoblasts that line the medullary cavity
64
Q

what are short bones?

A
  • consist of a core of cancellous bone covered by a thin layer of compact bone
  • no medullary cavity
  • examples - carpal and tarsal
65
Q

what are irregular bones?

A
  • consist of two layers of compact bone surrounding cancellous bone
  • examples - vertebrae, some skull bones
66
Q

what are flat bones?

A
  • have no medullary cavity
  • composed of two layers of hard compact bone covering cancellous bone in the centre
  • examples: skull, scapula, pelvis
67
Q

what are sesamoid bones?

A
  • irregular in shape
  • smooth, small bones formed in tendons
  • run over an underlying bony prominence
68
Q

what is ossification?

A

the process by which bone forms in the body

69
Q

what are the the two types of ossification?

A
  • endochondral ossification
  • intramenbranous ossification
70
Q

what is endochondral ossification?

A
  • the replacement of cartilage by bone during fetal development
  • initial hyaline cartilage is gradually replaced by osteocytes and calcium
71
Q

how can you spot a growth plate fracture on an x-ray?

A
  • widened black space
  • common in young animals
72
Q

what is the recommended range for dietary calcium in large-breed puppies?

A

0.8%-1.2%

73
Q

what ratio should calcium and phosphorus be provided in?

A

1.1:1 - 2:1

74
Q

what is intramembranous ossification?

A
  • where bone is laid down to replace fibrous connective tissue
  • occurs in the development of bones in the skull, maxilla, and mandible
75
Q

what is red bone marrow?

A
  • spongy bone of vertebrae, ribs, short and flat bone
  • production of RBC and some WBC
76
Q

what is yellow bone marrow?

A
  • mainly made up of fat
  • found in long bones
77
Q

what is cartilage?

A
  • mainly made up of collagen produced by chondrocytes
  • similar to bone but without mineralisation so is softer
  • three types of cartilage
    1) hyaline
    2) fibrocartilage
    3) elastic
78
Q

what are the three types of skull?

A
  • dolichocephalic - long nose
  • mesocephalic - normal
  • brachycephalic - flat nose and mouth, wide eyes
79
Q

what is the cranium?

A

the caudal part of the skull provides a bony case for the brain

80
Q

what is the cranium made up of?

A
  • parietal
  • temporal
  • frontal
  • occiptal
  • sphenoid
  • sagittal crest
  • zygomatic arch
  • lacrimal
81
Q

what does the parietal bone (cranium) do?

A
  • forms dorsal and lateral wall of cranium
82
Q

what does the temporal bone (cranium) do?

A
  • tympanic bulla houses middle ear
83
Q

what is the frontal bone (cranium) ?

A
  • forehead and frontal sinuses
84
Q

what is the occiptal (cranium) bone?

A
  • lies at the base of the skull
  • foramen magnum where spinal cord passes
  • occiptal condyles attach to the first cervical vertebrae
85
Q

what is the sphenoid bone (cranium) ?

A

ventral aspect of the skull

86
Q

what is the sagittal crest bone (cranium) ?

A

ridge of bone on the dorsal midline surface

87
Q

what is the zygomatic arch (cranium)?

A

cheek bone

88
Q

what is the lacrimal (cranium)?

A

lies at the base of the orbit

VN02 (20 decks)

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