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VN02 > Cell structure and division > Flashcards

Cell structure and division Flashcards

1
Q

what is a cell?

A

a cell is the smallest living structural and functional unit of an animals’ body

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2
Q

what is the cell membrane?

A
  • external boundary of the cell
  • confines the cell content
  • regulates entry and exit of materials
  • contains a bilayer of phospholipid
  • outer surface is hydrophilic
  • inner surface is hydrophobic
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3
Q

what is the cytoplasm?

A
  • consists of cytosol which is a thick fluid
  • contains cytoskeleton (made up of tubules and filaments to support and give cell shape)
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4
Q

what is the nucleus?

A
  • centre of the cell - controls the cell
  • has perforated membrane called the nuclear envelope (Allows passage of RNA)
  • contains genetic membrane in the form of DNA and RNA
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5
Q

what does DNA stand for and what is it?

A
  • deoxyribonucleic acid
  • two polynucleotide chains that coil around eachother in a double helix carrying genetic instructions for the development, functioning, growth, and reproduction
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6
Q

what does RNA stand for?

A

ribonucleic acid

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7
Q

what are ribosomes?

A
  • tiny granules of RNA
  • synthesises proteins from amino acid using RNA
  • can be in the cytoplasm or attached to the RER
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8
Q

What is the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

A
  • ER
  • folded membranes usually attached to the nucleus
  • produce and transport lipids and steroids
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9
Q

what is the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

A
  • stores newly synthesised protein molecules and packages material to be secreted from the cell
  • has ribosomes
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10
Q

what is the golgi apparatus?

A
  • processes and sorts packages and delivers proteins and lipids to the plasma membrane
  • proteins move from the ER to the golgi via transport vesticles
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11
Q

what are the lysosomes?

A
  • secretory vesicles formed by the golgi
  • contain enzymes involved in breaking down damaged organelle and dead cells
  • digesting materials
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12
Q

what is phagocytosis?

A

the process by which cells engulf solid particles

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13
Q

what is pinocytosis?

A

the process of engulfing fluids

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14
Q

what is the mitochondria?

A
  • the powerhouse of the cell
  • where energy is produced and stored
  • outer membrane is smooth and the inner is called cristae
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15
Q

what is the equation for cellular respiration?

A

glucose + oxygen = energy + water + carbon dioxide

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16
Q

what is energy stored and converted into whilst in the mitochondria?

A

stored as Adenosine Tri-Phosphate and converted into Adenosine Bi-Phosphate

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17
Q

what is the centrosome?

A
  • found near the nucleus of the cell
  • appears as cytoplasmic material and radiating microtubules
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18
Q

what are centrioles?

A

a pair of rod like structures involved in cell division

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19
Q

what are microfilaments?

A
  • give form and shape to the cell
  • form flagella
  • help form cilia
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20
Q

what is the cilia?

A

slender, microscopic hair like structures that extend from the surface of most mammalian cell

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21
Q

what is the flagella?

A

microscopic hairs that are involved in locomotion of cells

22
Q

what are chromosomes?

A
  • DNA and RNA molecules
  • matching pairs are homologous pairs
23
Q

how many homologous pairs do dogs, cats, rabbits, and guinea pigs have?

A

dogs - 78
cats - 38
rabbits - 44
guinea pigs - 64

24
Q

what are autosomes?

A

non-sex chromosomes

25
Q

what are allosomes?

A

sex chromosomes

26
Q

which is smaller out of the X and Y chromosome?

A

Y

27
Q

how is a chromosome made?

A

made up of 2 identical chromatids held together at the centomere

28
Q

what are the DNA pairs?

A

adenine + thymine
cytosine + guanine

29
Q

what are uprights?

A

chains of alternating sugar and phosphate units

30
Q

what are rungs?

A

formed from pairs of base attached to the sugars

31
Q

what are the two types of cell division?

A
  • mitosis
  • meiosis
32
Q

when and where does mitosis occur?

A

continuously in growing and adult animals

33
Q

how many cells does the nucleus split into during mitosis?

A

2 identical daughter cells

34
Q

what is the process called when the cytoplasm divides?

A

cytokinesis

35
Q

what ae the 5 phases of mitosis?

A

1 - prophase
2 - metaphase
3 - anaphase
4 - telophase
5 - interphase

36
Q

mitosis: what happens during prophase?

A
  • chromosomes coil up
  • nuclear envelope breaks down
  • ends when fully broken down
37
Q

mitosis: what happens during metaphase?

A
  • chromosomes line up in centre of cell
  • spindle fibres connect to kinetochores
38
Q

mitosis: what happens during anaphase?

A
  • spindle fibres contract and pull the chromatids
  • when they split = daughter chromosomes
  • ends when chromosomes reach their destination
39
Q

mitosis: what happens during telophase?

A
  • nuclear membrane and nucleolus reform in daughter cells
    -spindle cell fibres degenerate
  • chromatids uncoil and lengthen
40
Q

mitosis: what happens during interphase?

A

period of rest - intense metabolic activity

41
Q

where does meiosis take place?

A

in gametes (ova/sperm)

42
Q

how many daughter cells does meiosis create?

A

4 daughter cells

43
Q

what is it called when two gametes join together?

A

zygote

44
Q

meiosis 1 : what happens during prophase 1?

A
  • chromosomes thicken and coil up
  • nuclear envelope breaks down
  • chiasmata (crossover) happens
45
Q

meiosis 1: what happens during metaphase 1?

A
  • chromosomes line up along centre in pairs
    -spindle fibres connect to kinetochores
46
Q

meiosis 1: what happens during anaphase 1?

A
  • spindle fibres contract and pull the chromosomes at the centromere
  • one chromosome pair pulled to each line
  • anaphase ends when chromosomes reach their destination
47
Q

meiosis 1: what happens during telophase 1?

A
  • nuclear membrane and nucleolus reformed in daughter cells
  • spindle fibres disappear
  • cytoplasm and cell divides resulting in two cells with a haploid set of paired chromosomes
48
Q

what happens in meiosis 2?

A
  • 2 daughter cells divide again
  • 4 cells make up the gametes
49
Q

meiosis 2 : what happens during prophase?

A
  • centrioles start moving to opposite poles again
  • happens in each daughter cell
50
Q

meiosis 2: what happens during metaphase?

A
  • chromosomes line up in single file
  • spindle fibres attach
51
Q

meiosis 2: what happens during anaphase?

A
  • sister chromatids are pulled to opposite poles of the equator
52
Q

meiosis 2: what happens during telophase?

A
  • spindles break down
  • new nuclear membranes form and new nucleoi form around the 2 groups of chromatids
  • chromatids uncoil and lengthen

VN02 (20 decks)

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