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VN02 > Introduction to the skeletal system > Flashcards

Introduction to the skeletal system Flashcards

1
Q

what is a skeleton and what does it include?

A
  • the hardened tissues forming the supportive framework of an animal’s body
  • it includes bones, cartilage, joints
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2
Q

what are the three groups of skeleton?

A
  • appendicular
  • axial
  • splanchnic
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3
Q

what is the appendicular skeleton?

A

composed of the bone in appendages; upper and lower limbs and shoulder + pelvis girdles

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4
Q

what is the axial skeleton?

A

composed of the bones along the body’s long or midline axis; skull, vertebrae, ribs, and sternum

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5
Q

what is the splanchnic skeleton?

A

consists of the ospenis

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6
Q

what is the maxilla?

A
  • contains the sinuses which are attached to the upper respiratory tract
  • hollow spaces which lighten the skull and provide resonance to the vocal chords
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7
Q

what are the nasal chambers?

A
  • most rostral part of the skull
  • divided into two lengthways by a cartilaginous plate called the nasal septum
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8
Q

what is the hard palate?

A

formed of three bones
- incisive bone - carries incisor teeth
- part of the maxilla
- palatine bone

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9
Q

what is the mandible?

A
  • lower jaw
  • consists of two halves held together in the midline by connective tissue called the mandibular symphysis
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10
Q

what is the hyoid apparatus?

A
  • series of small bones suspend the tongue and larynx
  • foramen allow blood and nerve vessels to pass through
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11
Q

what is the vertebral column?

A
  • consists of 50 irregular bones
  • arranged into 5 groups
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12
Q

what are the vertebral columns for a dog and cat?

A
  • cervical - C1-C7
  • thoracic - T1-T13
  • lumbar - L1-L7
  • sacral - S1-S3
  • coccygeal - CY20-CY23
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13
Q

what are the vertebral columns for a rabbit?

A
  • cervical - C1-C7
  • thoracic - T1-T(12-13)
  • lumbar - L1-L7
  • sacral - S1-S4
  • coccygeal - CY15-CY16
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14
Q

What is the internal structure of vertebrae?

A
  • spongy bone and marrow
  • held together by ligaments and are separated from one another by the cartilaginous intervertebral discs (CID)
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15
Q

what is the basic structure of vertebrae?

A
  • hollow arch lies above the vertebral body and contains the vertebral foramen and connects with adjacent vertebrae to form vertebral canal
    -spinous process arises from middle of dorsal arch
  • articular processes on each vertebra
  • transverse processes arise from the body and arch
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16
Q

what are the intervertebral discs?

A
  • they separate the vertebral bodies of adjacent vertebrae
  • have a tough fibrocartilage outer part and a softer part which cushions movement or shock to the bones
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17
Q

what is the tough fibrocartilage outer part of the intervertebral discs called?

A

the annulus fibrosus

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18
Q

what is the softer part of the intervertebral discs called?

A

the nucleus pulposus

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19
Q

what are the functions of the vertebral column?

A

1 - protects the spinal cord
2 - allows a passage for the spinal cord
3 - helps to suspend appendicular skeleton
4 - forms an attachment for the ribs

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20
Q

what are the first two cervical vertebrae called?

A
  • atlas and axis
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21
Q

what does the atlas (vertebrae) consist of?

A
  • pair of large, flattened transverse processes, a small neutral spine and large vertebrae foramen
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22
Q

what type of joint is the atlas (vertebrae)?

A

synovial joint that allows nodding of the head

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23
Q

what does the axis (vertebrae) consist of?

A
  • elongated
  • has a large ridge-like dorsal spinous process
  • peg like structure
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24
Q

what are T1-T10 (vertebrae)?

A
  • long, spinous processes which decrease in size caudally, short transverse processes
  • articular depressions/foveae clasps the head of a rib and are on cranial and caudal ends of vertebral body
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25
Q

what are T11-T13 (vertebrae)?

A
  • short spinous processes and transverse processes
  • short costal fovea found on both sides of vertebral body
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26
Q

what are the lumbar vertebrae?

A
  • 7 of them
  • spinous process arises dorsally from the neutral arch
  • mammillary and accessory processes provide muscular attachment
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27
Q

what are the sacral vertebrae?

A
  • 3 are fused together to form sacrum
  • sacrum is fused to the ilium of the pelvic girdle
28
Q

what is the joint between the sacrum and the ilium?

A

sacro-iliac joint

29
Q

what is the coccygeal vertebrae?

A
  • varies due to length of tail
  • normally 15-21 bones
30
Q

what are the ribs?

A
  • long bones that form the lateral walls of the thorax
  • normally 13 pairs
  • flattened, curved bones
  • one pair for each thoracic vertebra
31
Q

what is the cranial boundary of the ribs?

A
  • manubrium of the sternum
  • first pair of ribs
  • ventral surface of the first thoracic vertebra
32
Q

what is the dorsal boundary of the ribs?

A
  • ventral surfaces of the thoracic vertebrae and associated vertebral
33
Q

what is the ventral boundary of the ribs?

A

sternum

34
Q

what are the functions of the ribs?

A
  • to protect the organs within thoracic cavity
  • to articulate and enable breathing
35
Q

what is the structure of the ribs?

A
  • ventral end of ribs are cartilaginous and known as costal cartilages
  • dorsal end is made of bone
36
Q

what ribs are attached to the sternum?

A
  • ribs 1-8 are attached
  • ribs 9-12 are not attached
  • rib 13 is a floating rib
37
Q

what is the sternum?

A
  • composed of a line of 8 bones (sternebrae) which articulate with each other by intersternebral cartilages
38
Q

what is the first sternebra called?

A

the manubrium

39
Q

what is the last sternebra called?

A

the xiphisternum

40
Q

what cartilage is attached to the xiphisternum?

A

xiphoid cartilage

41
Q

what is the main function of the sternum?

A

to support the thoracic contents

42
Q

what is the scapula?

A
  • shoulder blade
  • flat, triangular shaped bone
43
Q

what is the lateral surface of the scapula divided by?

A

spine of the scapula

44
Q

what does the distal end of the scapula do?

A
  • muscle attachment
  • acromion process
45
Q

what is the clavicle?

A
  • collarbone
  • small bone in the brachiocephalic muscles cranial to the shoulder joint
46
Q

what is the humerus?

A
  • extends from the shoulder joint to the elbow joint
  • head articulates with scapula, and a greater tubercle
  • expands distally into medial and lateral condyles
47
Q

what makes up the forelimbs?

A

clavicle, scapula, humerus, radius and ulna, carpus, metacarpus, phalanges

48
Q

what is the radius and ulna?

A
  • radius is a short bone
  • radius lies medial to the ulna at the distal end
  • ulna is longer than the radius
  • ulna at the proximal end is the point of the elbow = olecranon process = muscle attachment for tricep brachi
  • forelimb
49
Q

what is the trochlear notch?

A
  • distal to the olecranon
  • bounded by two processes
    1) anconeal process proximally
    2) coronoid process distally
50
Q

what is the carpus?

A
  • contains 7 small irregular bones arranged in 2 rows
  • in the proximal row is the radial carpal bone, ulnar carpal bone, and accessory carpal bone
  • in the distal row are carpal bones 1,2,3,4
51
Q

what is the metacarpus?

A
  • contains 5 metacarpal bones
  • digits labelled from medial to lateral
52
Q

what are the metacarpal?

A
  • phalanges make up the digits
53
Q

what are the characteristics of metacarpal 1?

A
  • metacarpal 1 is short and joins two phalanges - the distal one carries the dew claw
  • similar to human thumb
54
Q

what makes up the hindlimbs?

A
  • pelvis, femur, tibia and fibula, tarsus, metatarus and phalanges, patella and fabellae
55
Q

what is the pelvis?

A
  • how the hindlimbs attach to the vertebral columns
  • comprises of different bones fused together
56
Q

what is the femur?

A
  • most proximal bone of the hindlimb
  • structurally similar to the humerus
57
Q

what are the tibia and fibula?

A
  • makes up the lower part of the leg
  • distal to the stifle
  • tibia is main weight-bearing bone
  • fibula is a long, thin bone
58
Q

what is the tarsus?

A
  • the hock
  • similar to carpus
59
Q

what are metatarsus and phalanges?

A
  • similar to metacarpal
60
Q

what are the patella and fabellae?

A
  • sesamoid bones
  • patella - kneecap - largest sesamoid in the body
  • fabellae found in the tendons of the gastrocnemius muscle
61
Q

what is the tibia and fibula?

A
  • long bones
  • form the lower leg
  • lie parallel with eachother
  • tibia - front
  • fibula - back
62
Q

what 3 sections is the femur split into?

A
  • head of femur
  • body/shaft of femur
  • distal extremity with medial and lateral condyles
63
Q

what is the greater trochanter?

A
  • lateral to the head of the femur
  • muscle attachment
64
Q

what is the lesser trochanter?

A
  • medial side
  • muscle attachment
65
Q

What are the three smallest bones in a dog’s body?

A

Middle ear - anvil, stirrup, hammer

VN02 (20 decks)

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