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NS374—Pathophysiology > Musculoskeletal > Flashcards

Musculoskeletal Flashcards

1
Q

muscle disease & inflammation in response to cell damage

A

myopathy

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2
Q

inflammation of muscles & associated tissues (blood vessels)

A

polymyocytitis

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3
Q

residual muscle tension - allows partial continuous contraction of muscles - muscle’s resistance to stretch during resting state

A

muscle tone

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4
Q

2 systems that can affect MSK disorders

A

endocrine disorders

metabolic diseases

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5
Q

examples of metabolic diseases affecting MSK

A

McArdle

Pompe

Myoadenylate deaminise deficiency

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6
Q

Any condition causing inflammation in muscle

A

myosititis

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7
Q

s/s of myosititis (3)

A

muscle weakness

trouble climbing stairs, reaching over head

rashes

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8
Q

Shortening & hardening of muscles, tendons, other tissue

A

contracture

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9
Q

etiology of contracture (3)

A

nervous disorders, nerve damage

genetic

injury

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10
Q

r/f for contractures (4)

A

motor dysfunction (hemiplegia, tetraplegia)

CVA

spinal cord injury

immobility

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11
Q

Mechanical unloading of muscle leads to ↓ muscle mass w/o fiber attrition

A

disuse atrophy

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12
Q

s/s of disuse atrophy (4)

A

↓ muscle mass

asymmetry in muscle size

weakness

balance difficulty

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13
Q

2 major complications of fractures

A

fat emboli (FES)

compartment syndrome

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14
Q

FES

more common in ____ fractures

affected bones most likely to cause it

occurs how long after injury?

triad of sx

A

open fractures

long bones/pelvis

24-72 hours

(1) decreases platelets causing petechiae; (2) tachypnea; (3) confusion

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15
Q

petechiae

confusion

tachypnea

A

fat embolus triad of sx

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16
Q

cast/bandages cut off blood supply

A

compartment syndrome

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17
Q

s/s of compartment syndrome

A

severe pain, distal weakness, numbness, swelling, absent pulses

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18
Q

interventions & tx for compartment syndrome

A

cut off bandages

fasciotomy

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19
Q

complications of untreated compartment syndrome

A

ischemia

nerve damage

rhabdomylysis

amputation

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20
Q

5 mechanisms of fractures

A

compression

tension

bending

torsion

shearing

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21
Q

tendons or ligaments pull off a piece of bone

A

tension fracture

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22
Q

greenstick fracture

A

bending fracture in children

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23
Q

spiral fracture

A

torsion

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24
Q

what kind of fracture is more common in abuse?

what specific fracture almost always indicates abuse?

A

shearing

Corner metaphyseal fracture (CMF)

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25
Q

Separation of 2 bones at a joint - loss of contact between articulating surfaces

A

dislocation

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26
Q

contact between articular surfaces partially lost

A

subluxation

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27
Q

complications of dislocation

A

nerve or vessel damage

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28
Q

tear in a tendon

A

strain

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29
Q

tear in a ligament

A

sprain

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30
Q

grading for strains and sprains

A
  • 1 - stretching of a few muscle fibers
  • 2 - more significant damage, some fibers damaged or torn
  • 3 - complete rupture
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31
Q

avulsion fracture

A

ligament/tendon pulls away a piece of bone during a sprain/strain

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32
Q

poor athletic conditioning and lack of stretching are r/f

A

strain & sprains

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33
Q

may see decreased OR increased ROM

A

sprain

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34
Q

inflammation of a tendon

A

tendinopathy/tendonitis

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35
Q

etiology of tendinopathy

A

overuse

repetitive mvmt

sudden stress

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36
Q

2 kinds of epicondylopathy

A
  • Tennis elbow - lateral (radial side)
  • Golfer’s elbow - medial (ulnar side)
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37
Q

epicondylopathy is a type of _____

A

bursitis

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38
Q

inflammation of bursa

A

bursitis

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39
Q

types of arthritis that are r/f for bursitis

A

gouty

rheumatoid

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40
Q

Rapid breakdown of muscle causing release of intracellular contents

A

rhabdomylysis

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41
Q

etiology of rhabdo

A

direct or indirect muscle injury

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42
Q

r/f for rhabdo (5)

A

crush injury

medication (statins)

toxic substance

overexertion

muscular dystrophy

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43
Q

statins increase risk for this muscular problem

A

rhabdo

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44
Q

s/s of rhabdo (4)

A

muscle pain

weakness

dark urine (myoglobinuria)

highly elevated creatine kinase levels

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45
Q

2 muscular problems darkened urine could indicate

A

rhabdo

malignant hyperthermia

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46
Q

complication of rhabdo

A

renal damage

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47
Q

severe reaction to anesthesia causing fast ↑ in body temp & severe muscle contractions

A

malignant hyperthermia

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48
Q

r/f for malignant hyperthermia

A

genetic

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49
Q

s/s of malignant hyperthermia (6)

A

hyperthermia up to 113*

rigidity

flushing

sweating

tachycardia

brown urine

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50
Q

complications of malignant hyperthermia (5)

A

clotting

amputations

chronic kidney disease (CKD)

heart problems

death

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51
Q

precursor to osteoporosis

A

osteopenia

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52
Q

population most affected by osteoporosis & osteopenia

A

older females

low BMI

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53
Q

r/f for osteoporosis (7)

A

older; smoking

female

lack of estrogen

excessive cortisol (Cushing’s)

↓ BMI

diet (vit D, Ca+ deficiency)

54
Q

s/s of osteoporosis (3)

A

nontraumatic fracture

loss of height

kyphosis

55
Q

softening of bones as a result of Ca+ or vit D deficiency

A

osteomalacia (Rickets)

56
Q

r/f for osteomalacia (2)

A

inadequate sunlight

malabsorption

57
Q

s/s of osteomalacia (4)

A

bone pain

fractures

weakness

bowing of legs

58
Q

what does bowing of legs indicate?

A

osteomalacia

59
Q

soft and weak bone is rapidly deposited

A

Paget disease

60
Q

r/f for Paget’s disease

A

older; family hx

idiopathic

UK

61
Q

s/s of Paget (2)

A

asymptomatic

bone pain

62
Q

complications of Paget (4)

A

fracture

OA

HF

bone cancer

63
Q

inflammation of bone or marrow r/t infection

A

osteomyelitis

64
Q

r/f for osteomyelitis (3)

A

infection

trauma

surgery

65
Q

result of untreated osteomyelitis

A

necrosis of bone

66
Q

tx for osteomyelitis

A

surgical debridement

67
Q

joint infection

A

septic arthritis

68
Q

typical pathogen responsible for septic arthritis

A

Staph

69
Q

r/f for septic arthritis (4)

A

existing joint disease

joint surgery

joint injury

lupus

70
Q

complications of untreated septic arthritis

A

sepsis

osteomyelitis

71
Q

excessive uric acid forming crystals in joints

A

gout

72
Q

etiology of gout

A

body cannot get rid of uric acid properly

73
Q

s/s of gout (5)

A

unilateral

tophi (deposits on joints)

sudden, severe attacks of pain

inflammation

decreased ROM

74
Q

tophi indicates…

A

gout

75
Q

typical location of gout

A

first metatarsophalangeal joint (big toe)

76
Q

gout increases risk for…

A

uric acid based kidney stones

77
Q

Degeneration of articular cartilage & underlying bone

A

osteoarthritis

78
Q

s/s of OA (9)

A

asymmetrical

pain

stiffness

loss of mobility

swelling

herberden nodules

bouchard nodules

bunions

morning joint pain lasting <1hr

79
Q

location of herberden nodules

A

“high” - distal interphalangeal joints

80
Q

location of bouchard nodules

A

“below” - proximal interphalangeal joints

81
Q

bunion location

A

metatarsophalangeal joint

82
Q

what do herberden nodules, bouchard nodules, and bunions indicate?

A

OA

83
Q

complications of OA

A

fractures

bleeding in joint

infection

bone death

84
Q

Chronic autoimmune inflammatory disorder - destruction of joints

A

rheumatoid arthritis

85
Q

r/f for RA (5)

A

family hx; smoking

middle age

female

another autoimmune disorder

86
Q

population most affected by RA

A

middle aged women

87
Q

s/s of RA (10)

A

symmetrical

ulnar drift

swan neck deformity in fingers

Boutonniere deformity

SQ nodules

fatigue

warmth

joint pain (especially in morning lasting >1hr)

loss of appetite

fever

88
Q

ulnar drift, swan neck, and Boutonniere indicate…

A

RA

89
Q

hand moves toward ulnar side

caused by RA

A

ulnar drift

90
Q

hyperextension of thumb

caused by RA

A

Boutonierre deformity

91
Q

arthritis of the spine

A

ankylosing spondylitis

92
Q

etiology of ankylosing spondylitis

A

genetic

93
Q

population most affected by ankylosing spondylitis

A

older males

94
Q

widespread MSK pain

no inflammation

trigger points

A

fibromyalgia

95
Q

etiology of fibromyalgia

A

soft tissue disorder

96
Q

r/f for fibromyalgia (4)

A

family hx

other chronic diseases

traumatic injury

lupus

97
Q

Extreme fatigue that doesn’t go away with rest

can’t be explained by underlying medical condition

A

chronic fatigue syndrome

98
Q

r/f for bone tumors (3)

A

family hx

radiation/chemo (especially local)

previous bone tumors

99
Q

Cancer producing immature bone in children

A

osteosarcoma

100
Q

usual location of osteosarcoma

A

epiphyses of bone

101
Q

r/f for osteosarcoma (2)

A

childhood growth spurts

radiation exposure

102
Q

feet drawn in at birth

A

congenital talipes equinovarus (clubfoot)

103
Q

r/f for clubfoot (4)

A

nervous disorder

multiple gestations

position in utero

oligohydramnios (not enough fluid in utero)

104
Q

oligohydramnios is a risk factor for…

A

clubfoot

105
Q

Hip joint does not properly form in early fetal stage

A

developmental dysplasia of the hips (DDH)

106
Q

r/f for DDH (2)

A

breech

female

107
Q

s/s of DDH

A

affected leg is shorter & turned inward

asymmetrical folds in skin of legs

108
Q

tx for DDH

A

Pavlik harness

109
Q

genetic defect in type 1 collagen protein

A

osteogenesis imperfecta

110
Q

mild, moderate, and severe types of osteogenesis imperfecta

A
  • Mild - type 1
  • Moderate - types 4, 5, 6, 7
  • Severe - types 2, 3, 8
111
Q

s/s of osteogenesis imperfecta (4)

A

easy fractures

blue/purple/gray tint to sclera at birth

triangular face

loose joints

112
Q

a baby born with a triangular face and a bluish sclera indicates…

A

osteogenesis imperfecta

113
Q

disrupted blood flow to femoral head causes bone to begin to die

A

Perthes disease

114
Q

Perthes disease is uni/bilateral

A

unilateral

115
Q

r/f for Perthes disease (5)

A

young age

male

caucasian

sickle cell

trauma

116
Q

s/s of Perthes disease (5)

A

unilateral

limping

pain in hip, groin, thigh

limited ROM

leg length discrepancy

117
Q

Swelling & irritation of growth plate at tibial tuberosity (proximal end)

A

Osgood-Schlatter disease

118
Q

r/f for Osgood Schlatter (2)

A

adolescence

athletes

119
Q

Osgood-Schlatter is uni/bilateral

A

bilateral

120
Q

s/s of Osgood Schlatter (4)

A

knee/leg pain

swelling

tenderness

warmth over knee/shinbone

121
Q

lateral curvature of spine

A

scoliosis

122
Q

r/f for scoliosis (6)

A

family hx

cerebral palsy

Marfans

Turner syndrome

neurofibramatosis

polio

123
Q

who has more severe forms of scoliosis?

A

females

124
Q

tx for scoliosis

A

bracing

125
Q

s/s of scoliosis (4)

A

loss of height

uneven shoulders

bump on back

trouble walking

126
Q

Progressive genetic weakness & loss of muscle mass

A

muscular dystrophy (Duchenne)

127
Q

population affected by Duchenne

A

males

females are carriers

128
Q

s/s of Duchenne (6)

A

frequent falls

waddling gait

muscle pain or stiffness

large calves

difficulty rising

gowers sign

129
Q

what is gower’s sign?

what does it indicate?

A

using hands on knees to stand up

muscular dystrophy

130
Q

assessment for a dislocation

A

neurovascular - sensation and pulses

NS374—Pathophysiology (18 decks)

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