Acid/Base

Question 1

pH below ____ or above ____ is not compatible withlife

Answer 1

6.8 or 7.8

Question 2

3 main mechanisms for compensating c pH changes

Answer 2

physiological buffers
pulmonary compensation
renal compensation

Question 3

main buffer system

Answer 3

bicarbonate-carbonic acid

Question 4

we eliminate CO2/carbonic acid by…

Answer 4

breathing

Question 5

pulmonary compensation controls the amount of _____ in blood

Answer 5

CO2

Question 6

__________ increases elimination of CO2, and pH _____

Answer 6

hyperventilation

rises

Question 7

__________ decreases elimination of CO2, and pH _____

Answer 7

hypoventilation

falls

Question 8

best control mechanism for pH, but not immediate

Answer 8

renal

Question 9

2 mechanisms of renal compensation

Answer 9

Modify excretion rate of acids

Modify bicarbonate absorption/creation

Question 10

ABGs measure… (6)

Answer 10

Partial pressure oxygen - PaO2
Partial pressure carbon dioxide - PaCO2
pH
Oxygen content - O2CT
Oxygen saturation - SaO2
Bicarbonate - HCO3

Question 11

2 bodily functions that ABGs indicate

Answer 11

Acid-base balance of blood

Oxygenation of blood

Question 12

is acidosis or alkalosis more common?

Answer 12

acidosis

Question 13

4 types of acid-base imbalance

Answer 13

metabolic acidosis
metabolic alkalosis
respiratory acidosis
respiratory alkalosis

Question 14

an increase in CO2

Answer 14

respiratory acidosis

Question 15

resp. acidosis caused by…

Answer 15

alveolar hypoventilation

opioid ingestion, other drugs that depress respiration, COPD

Question 16

ABGs seen in resp. acidosis

Answer 16

high CO2

normal or high HCO3

Question 17

resp. acidosis s/s

Answer 17

diaphoresis (sweating); h/a; tachycardia; confusion; restlessness; apprehension

Question 18

a decrease in CO2

Answer 18

respiratory alkalosis

Question 19

resp. alkalosis caused by…

Answer 19

excess CO2 excretion

hypoxia (high altitudes, fever, seizure)

hyperventilation (mechanical overventilation, hepatic disease, pregnancy, septicemia, fever, anxiety, aspirin overdose, head injury, brain tumor)

Question 20

ABGs seen in resp. alkalosis

Answer 20

low CO2

normal or low HCO3

Question 21

resp. alkalosis s/s

Answer 21

light-headed; confusion; paresthesia; cramps; syncope; anxiety; fear; deep breathing

Question 22

a decrease in HCO3

Answer 22

metabolic acidosis

Question 23

met. acidosis caused by…

Answer 23

excess production of acids OR excessive loss of bicarbonate, K, Na

Question 24

ABGs seen in met. acidosis

Answer 24

low HCO3

normal or low CO2

Question 25

met. acidosis s/s

Answer 25

rapid deep breathing; fatigue; fruity breath (DKA); h/a; drowsiness; lethargy; n/v; coma if severe

Question 26

an increase in HCO3

Answer 26

metabolic alkalosis

Question 27

met. alkalosis caused by…

Answer 27

excessive loss of metabolic acids

vomiting, excessive antacid intake

Question 28

ABGs seen in met. alkalosis

Answer 28

high HCO3

normal or high CO2

Question 29

met. alkalosis s/s

Answer 29

slow, shallow breathing; confusion; hypertonic muscles; twitching; restlessness; apathy; irritability; tetany; seizures; coma if severe

Question 30

decompensation

Answer 30

Causative problem becomes more severe
Additional problems occur
Compensation mechanisms are exceeded/fail

Question 31

with acid-base imbalances we need to treat…

Answer 31

the underlying cause