Cancer

Question 1

warning signs of cancer (8)

Answer 1

Unusual bleeding or discharge anywhere
Change in bowel or bladder habits
Change in a wart or mole
Sore that does not heal
Unexplained weight loss
Anemia, low hemoglobin, persistent fatigue
Persistent cough or hoarseness without reason
Solid lump, often painless, anywhere

Question 2

“pencil stool” sign of…

Answer 2

rectal cancer

Question 3

Increase in frequency of urination sign of…

Answer 3

ovarian cancer

Question 4

Difficulty starting stream of urine sign of…

Answer 4

prostate cancer

Question 5

what traits of a mole are concerning for melanoma?

Answer 5

red, white, blue - growth - irregularity in shape

Question 6

almost all warts caused by…

Answer 6

HPV

Question 7

why is a sore that won’t heal a sign of cancer?

Answer 7

cancer is taking the nutrients that would go toward healing the sore

Question 8

risk factors for cancer (5)

Answer 8

oncogenes
oncoviruses
radiation
chemicals
biological factors - age, diet, hormones etc

Question 9

____genes can cause cancer

Answer 9

onco

Question 10

____viruses can cause cancer

Answer 10

onco

Question 11

the risk of cancer c radiation exposure increases with…

Answer 11

cumulative dosages

Question 12

risk reduction for cancer (4)

Answer 12

limit UV exposure
regular med/dental exams
self-exams
diet - fiber, reduced fats, fruits & veggies

Question 13

all cells contain identical _____, but ________ makes cells specific to one function

Answer 13

DNA

differentiation

Question 14

what are some characteristics of a neoplasm?

Answer 14

growth no longer responds to genetic controls
cells reproduce s need
deprives other cells of nutrients
atypical or immature cells
characteristics depend on type of cell from which it arises

Question 15

“-oma” signifies a…

Answer 15

benign tumor

Question 16

“-carcinoma” signifies a…

Answer 16

malignant tumor

Question 17

“sarcoma” signifies a…

Answer 17

tumor of connective tissue

Question 18

______ tumors are encapsulated, easy to remove, grow slowly, and may be more normal

Answer 18

benign

Question 19

benign tumors cause damage by ________, especially in areas like…

Answer 19

compression

the brain

Question 20

_______ tumors are not encapsulated, grow quickly, invade other areas, and very irregular

Answer 20

malignant

Question 21

malignant tumors cause damage by _______

Answer 21

invasion

Question 22

metastasis

Answer 22

parts of cancer break off and “seed” other parts of body

Question 23

malignant tumors…

have altered \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
cells do not \_\_\_\_\_\_, allowing metastasis
compress \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, causing necrosis
may secrete \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ or \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
cause loss of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Answer 23

have altered surface antigens
cells do not adhere, allowing metastasis
compress blood vessels, causing necrosis
may secrete hormones or enzymes
cause loss of normal cells

Question 24

malignant tumors may secrete growth factors for ___________, allowing capillary development in the tumor

Answer 24

angiogenesis

Question 25

local effects of malignant tumors (3)

Answer 25

pain
obstruction - blood supply, lymphatic flow, airflow, etc
tissue necrosis & ulceration

Question 26

cancer pain may be absent until ________

Answer 26

later stages

Question 27

systemic effects of malignant tumors (7)

Answer 27

cachexia
anemia
severe fatigue
effusions
infections
bleeding
paraneoplastic syndrome

Question 28

cancers cause cachexia because…

Answer 28

they increase the demand for nutrients

Question 29

leukemia in children may be diagnosed based on frequent ________

Answer 29

infections

Question 30

paraneoplastic syndrome

Answer 30

tumors release substances that affect neurological function & may have hormonal effects

Question 31

invasion vs metastasis

Answer 31

invasion - local spread

metastasis - spread to distant sites via blood, lymph, etc

Question 32

compare stage 1 to stage 4

Answer 32

1: isolated, encapsulated, hasn’t spread
4: has metastasized to far distant body parts

Question 33

______ system most used to determine cancer stage

what is the system?

Answer 33

TNM

T = size of primary tumor
N = involvement of regional lymph nodes
M = metastasis

Question 34

essential for early detection of cancer

Answer 34

routine screenings

Question 35

essential for detecting breast, testicular, and skin cancers

Answer 35

self-exam

Question 36

Genomic Tumor Assessment identifies…

Answer 36

genetic mutations independent of heredity, but only occur within disease itself

Question 37

cytological tests require…

Answer 37

biopsy/tissue sample

Question 38

most dependable confirmation of malignancy

Answer 38

cytological test

Question 39

when _______ immunity is “turned off”, you are more likely to develop cancer

Answer 39

cell-mediated

Question 40

main cancer treatments

Answer 40

surgery, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, radiation

Question 41

function of blocking agents

Answer 41

block receptors for growth promoters on cancer cells

Question 42

function of biological response modifiers

Answer 42

augment natural immune response

Question 43

function of angiogenesis inhibitors

Answer 43

inhibit stimulus for growth of blood vessels

Question 44

function of analgesics

Answer 44

relieve pain

Question 45

curative vs palliative care

Answer 45

curative: effort to cure cancer
palliative: effort to extend pt’s life without curing cancer

Question 46

“cure” = ___ year survival s recurrence

Answer 46

5-year

Question 47

cancers with poor prognoses are usually those diagnosed…

Answer 47

in their advanced stages

Question 48

remission

Answer 48

no clinical signs of cancer