Cellular Biology Flashcards
detoxify cell
peroxisomes/lysosomes
maintain cell structure & contain centriole
centrosome
allow cellular movement
cilia
contains DNA
nucleolus
originates from nuclear envelope - contains ribosomes
rough ER
produces lipids & other things
smooth ER
packages proteins
golgi apparatus
2 types of cellular injury
sublethal - reversible
lethal - death
how homeostasis happens
cellular adaption
reversible structural or functional response both to physiologic (normal) conditions OR to pathologic (adverse) conditions
cellular adaptation
purpose of cellular adaptation
protect themselves and escape injury
changes r/t cellular adaptation can be _______ or ______
physiologic or pathologic
6 forms of cellular adaptation
atrophy hypertrophy hyperplasia dysplasia metaplasia neoplasia
atrophy ex. phys vs patho
thymus atrophies during childhood
disuse atrophy
hypertrophy ex. phys vs patho
muscle building
left ventricular hypertrophy
hyperplasia ex. phys vs patho
liver regeneration if part is lost
endometrial hyperplasia
dysplasia ex. phys vs patho
no adaptive example
cervical/respiratory tract dysplasia
metaplasia ex. phys vs patho
finding a cell better suited to adverse environment
replacement of normal lining of bronchi in smokers with another kind of epithelium
atrophy
size decrease
hypertrophy
size increase
hyperplasia
number increase
dysplasia
deranged cell growth - reversible
metaplasia
replacement of one kind of cell with another
neoplasia
malignancy - irreversible
10 forms of cellular damage
apoptosis ischemia hypoxia pyroptosis physical damage mechanical damage chemical toxins microbes abnormal metabolites fluid/electrolyte imbalance
______ is absent in cancer
apoptosis
ischemia
deficit of O2 in cells
ischemia can cause _______
infarction - cell death
hypoxia
deficit of O2 in tissues
hypoxia O2 levels
<90
_____ patients chronically hypoxic
COPD
pyroptosis
lysis causing nearby inflammation
physical damage
heat, cold, radiation
mechanical damage
pressure, tearing
chemical toxins - 2 kinds
endogenous
exogenous
classifications of cellular injury
hypoxic free radical chemical intentional unintentional infection immunologic/inflammatory
most common cellular injury
hypoxia
what does hypoxia lead to?
respiration stops at glycolysis not enough ATP Na/K pumps fail Na floods cell fluid enters cell ribosomes pop off RER decreased protein production cell dies
anoxia
total lack of O2
free radical
uncharged atoms/molecules
most common free radical
oxygen
asphyxia
suffocation - strangulation, choking, drowning
systematic manifestations of cellular injury (6)
fever increased HR increased WBCs pain cellular enzymes liver enzymes
necrosis
sum of cellular changes after local cell death & the process of cellular autodigestion
5 types of necrosis
liquefaction coagulative fat caseous gangrene
necrosis in NS
liquefaction
most common necrosis
coagulative
fat necrosis common in…
breasts, pancreas, abdominal organs
combination of liquefaction & coagulative necrosis
caseous
what does caseous necrosis form?
thick yellow cheesy substance
TB causes ______ necrosis
caseous
necrotic tissue invaded by bacteria
gangrene
gangrene often related to…
strangulation - no O2
