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NS374—Pathophysiology > Heme & Lymph > Flashcards

Heme & Lymph Flashcards

1
Q

deficiency of RBC or hemoglobin

A

anemia

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2
Q

vomiting blood

A

hematemesis

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3
Q

black stools indicating upper GI bleeding

A

melena

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4
Q

frank blood in stool indicating lower GI bleeding

A

hematochezia

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5
Q

<3mm - flat nonblanchable skin changes (bleeding)

A

petechiae

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6
Q

3-10mm - nonblanchable area created by larger areas of blood

A

purpura

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7
Q

>1cm - bruise

A

ecchymosis

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8
Q

bleeding into joint

A

hemarthrosis

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9
Q

coughing up blood

A

hemoptysis

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10
Q

nosebleed

A

epistaxis

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11
Q

normal looking stool which has blood in it

A

occult blood

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12
Q

MCV

A

mean corpuscular volume - size of RBCs

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13
Q

MCH

A

mean corpuscular hemoglobin - color of RBCs

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14
Q

MCHC

A

mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration - ratio between MCV & MCH

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15
Q

RDW

A

red cell distribution width

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16
Q

hematologial dysfunction is indicated by (high/low) RDW

A

high

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17
Q

count of immature RBCs

A

reticulocyte count

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18
Q

stored iron

A

ferritin

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19
Q

PT

A

Prothrombin time - time it takes blood to clot after addition of tissue factor - extrinsic pathway

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20
Q

PTT

A

partial thromboblastin time - speed of coagulation in intrinsic pathway

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21
Q

normal PT

A

11-13.5 seconds

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22
Q

normal PTT

A

30-50 seconds

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23
Q

INR based on….
normal range…except for patients on _______

A

PTT
0.8 to 1.2 seconds
warfarin

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24
Q

Rh system is based on presence of antigen __

A

D

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25
Q

Rh (+/-) is more common

A

Rh+

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26
Q

FFP
designed to maintain…

A

fresh frozen plasma
blood volume

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27
Q

blood products compatible with all blood types

A

artificial

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28
Q

Artificial form of erythropoeitin hormone - stimulates erythropoeisis

A

Epoetin alfa

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29
Q

anemia leads to…

A

less energy production, decreased cell metabolism & reproduction

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30
Q

compensation for anemia

A

tachycardia
peripheral vasoconstriction

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31
Q

types of anemia with low MCV

A
  • Iron deficiency
  • Sideroblastic anemia
  • Thalassemia
  • Anemia of chronic disease
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32
Q

types of normalcytic anemias

A
  • Anemia of chronic disease
  • Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria
  • G6PD deficiency
  • Hereditary spherocytosis
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33
Q

type of anemia with high MCV

A

Pernicious anemia (B12)

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34
Q

most common cause of anemia

A

iron deficiency

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35
Q

pale

tired

angina, murmur

weak, irritable, activity intolerance

RLS

koilonychia

beeturia

pica

A

iron deficiency anemia

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36
Q

koilonychia

A

spoon nails

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37
Q

beeturia

A

maroon urine

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38
Q

pica

A

eating things c no nutritional value

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39
Q

diagnostic tests indicating iron deficiency anemia

A

low h/h

low MCV

low MCH

low serum iron

low reticulocytes

low ferritin

increased TIBC (total iron binding capacity)

increased RDW

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40
Q

B12 deficiency

A

pernicious anemia

41
Q

loss of intrinsic factor causes….

A

pernicious anemia

42
Q

r/f for pernicious anemia

A

stomach/intestine removed

43
Q

tired

pale

murmur

dizzy

thick red beefy tongue

paresthetia

difficulty c balance/gait

confusion

dementia, memory loss

A

pernicious anemia

44
Q

diagnostic tests indicated pernicious anemia

A

low h/h

high MCV

low B12

45
Q

deficiency of all blood cells

A

aplastic anemia

46
Q

cause of aplastic anemia (2)

A

defects or damage in stem cells, marrow microenvironment OR acquired (autoimmune)

47
Q

pale; fatigued; dyspnea c exertion; tachycardia; prolonged infection; unexplained easy bruising; epistaxis; rash; dizziness; h/a

(type of anemia)

A

aplastic anemia

48
Q

diagnostic tests indicating aplastic anemia

A

low h/h

low WBCs

low platelets

normal MCV

49
Q

atypically shaped hemoglobin molecules - distort RBCs into sickle shape

A

sickle cell anemia

50
Q

sickle cell trait vs anemia

A

trait - carry 1 copy - rarely have sx

anemia - both copies, have disease

51
Q

r/f: family hx; African descent; Central/South American descent; Middle Eastern, Asian, Indian, Mediterranean descent

(type of anemia)

A

sickle cell

52
Q

swelling of hands & feet; fatigue; jaundice; increase infection risk; delayed growth; pain crises; splenomegaly followed by small fibrotic spleen; non-functioning spleen

A

sickle cell anemia

53
Q

why is there a high risk for infection with sickle cell?

A

spleen impairment

54
Q

bone marrow makes too many RBCs

A

polycythemia vera

55
Q

what is panmyelosis?

seen in…

A

elevation of all 3 components of blood

polycythemia vera

56
Q

etiology of polycythemia vera (2 types)

A

Primary: genetic

Secondary: OSA, obesity, EPO, blood doping, etc

57
Q

splenomegaly

microvascular events

aquagenic pruritus

Red & purple appearance of hands/feet

Frequent nosebleed

Easy bruising

Worsen as you age

A

polycythemia vera

58
Q

tx polycythemia vera

A

phlebotomy/bleeding

59
Q

Malignant progressive disease of bone marrow - increases numbers of immature/abnormal leukocytes - suppresses production of normal cells

A

leukemia

60
Q

ALL prognosis

A

68%

61
Q

AML prognosis

A

28%

62
Q

CLL prognosis

A

85%

63
Q

CML prognosis

A

69%

64
Q

leukemia common in young children

A

ALL

65
Q

most common chronic adult leukemia

A

CLL

66
Q

most common leukemia

A

AML

67
Q

leukemia only affecting adults

A

CML

68
Q

leukemia that affects B, T, NK cells

A

lymphocytic leukemia

69
Q

leukemia that affects myeloid cells; WBCs, RBCs, platelets

A

myelogenous leukemia

70
Q

less functional form of leukemia is acute or chronic?

A

acute

71
Q

thrombocytopenia

A

deficiency of platelets

72
Q

clotting process becomes overreactive

clotting uses up all clotting factors, so then bleeding occurs

A

disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)

73
Q

DIC often seen as a complication in…

A

pregnant women

74
Q

bleeding; thrombosis; oozing from any lines/incisions in body

A

DIC

75
Q

tx DIC

A

heparin

blood transfusion

76
Q

mutation on X chromosome - provides instructions for making clotting factor

A

hemophilia

77
Q

prolonged bleeding; nosebleeds; joint pain; irritability in infants

(platelet disorder)

A

hemophilia

78
Q

excessive bleeding; epistaxis; heavy menstruation; easy bruising

genetic; missing a key clotting protein

(platelet disorder)

A

von Willebrand factor

79
Q

rare cancer in plasma

A

multiple myeloma

80
Q

severe bone pain; wt loss; fatigue; frequent infection; inability to focus; weakness; excessive thirst

A

multiple myeloma

81
Q

prognosis for multiple myeloma

A

very poor - typically dx at progressed stage

82
Q

enlarged lymph nodes

A

lymphadenopathy

83
Q

2 types of lymphadenopathy

A

lymphadenitis

cancer

84
Q

what causes swelling in lymphadenitis?

A

immune system brings antigen to node for recruitment of T, B cells

85
Q

qualities of lymph nodes enlarged by an infection

A

tender, mobile, smooth, soft

86
Q

qualities of lymph nodes enlarged by cancer

A

hard, rubbery, immobile, nontender, >1cm, irregular

87
Q

progressive swelling, usually in an extremity

caused by failure of lymphatic system

A

lymphedema

88
Q

tx lymphedema

A

compression; PT

89
Q

edema in fat cells compresses lymph system

A

lympolipoedema

90
Q
  • Viral disease
  • Swelling of lymph glands - especially occipital
  • Prolonged mental/physical weariness
A

infectious mononucleosis

91
Q

infectious mononucleosis caused by…

A

Epstein-Barr Virus

92
Q

complications of mono

A

splenomegaly; hepatitis; jaundice; anemia; thrombocytopenia

93
Q

mono often seen in

A

adolescents

healthcare workers

94
Q

distinctive characteristic of Hodgkin lymphoma

A

Reed-Sternberg cells

95
Q

2 age ranges Hodgkin lymphoma is common in

A

20s

>50

96
Q

symtoms of Hodgkin lymphoma with prognostic significance

A

B-symtoms

fever, night sweats, wt loss

97
Q

locations of Stage I & 2 and Stage 3 & 4 Hodgkin lymphoma

A
  • Stage I & II — only upper or only lower lymphatic system
  • Stage III & IV — both upper and lower
98
Q

Hodgkin prognosis

A

87%

99
Q

does non-Hodgkin have a better or worse prognosis than Hodgkin?

A

worse

NS374—Pathophysiology (18 decks)

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