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NS374—Pathophysiology > Immunity & Infection > Flashcards

Immunity & Infection Flashcards

1
Q

bodys lines of defense

A

1 - innate immunity
2 - inflammation
3 - adaptive immunity

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2
Q

3 types of barriers

A

physical, chemical, biomechanical

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3
Q

2 types of adaptive immunity

A

Antibody mediated & cell mediated

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4
Q

organism able to reproduce in/on body cells

A

infection

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5
Q

infection in a single individual

A

sporadic

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6
Q

infection transmitted in healthcare setting

A

nosocomial

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7
Q

continuous transmission w/i population

A

endemic

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8
Q

higher than normal transmission OR spread to new area

A

epidemic

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9
Q

spread of epidemic onto most continents

A

pandemic

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10
Q

infection that is root cause of current health problem

A

primary infection

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11
Q

complication of primary infection

Ex pt takes antibiotics & gets a vaginal yeast infection - occurs because normal flora in vagina are killed - overgrowth of yeast

A

secondary infection

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12
Q

source of infection

A

reservoir

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13
Q

inanimate object carrying pathogens

A

fomite

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14
Q

person with subclinical infection acting as reservoir

A

carrier

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15
Q

access to new host

A

portal of entry

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16
Q

means of leaving reservoir

A

portal of exit

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17
Q

means of reaching new susceptible host

A

mode of transmission

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18
Q

ability of microbe to cause disease

A

pathogenicity

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19
Q

degree of pathogenicity

A

virulence

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20
Q

Time between entry of organism to host and s/s

A

incubation

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21
Q

gonorrhea incubation

A

5-30 days

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22
Q

syphilis incubation

A

10-90 days

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23
Q
  • Fatigue, loss of appetite, h/a
  • Nonspecific symptoms
  • More evident in some infections than others
A

prodromal period

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24
Q

specific prodromal period associated c migraines

A

aura

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25
Q

3 periods of infection

A

incubation

prodromal

acute

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26
Q

_____% pts acquire nosocomial infections

A

10-15%

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27
Q

risk factors for infection in general

A
  • extremes of age
  • pregnancy
  • immunocompromise
  • genetic susceptibility
  • malnutrition
  • chronic disease
  • severe physical/emotional stress
  • inflammation/trauma
  • impaired inflammatory response
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28
Q

why is pregnancy a risk factor for infection?

A

Fetus is a rapidly dividing foreign body

immune system changes so it doesn’t attack those cells, becomes less aggressive

other organisms can cause infection that would otherwise be eliminated

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29
Q

powerful anti-inflammatory hormone

A

cortisol

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30
Q

chain of infection (6)

A
  • Organism
  • Reservoir
  • Portal of exit
  • Mode of transmission
  • Portal of entry
  • Susceptible host
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31
Q

Transmission: Touching infectious legion, sex, infected blood & bodily secretions

A

direct contact

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32
Q

transmission: Intermediate fomite or organism; Contaminated hands or food

A

indirect contact

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33
Q

transmission: Sneeze, cough, drip, exhale

A

droplet

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34
Q

transmission: Small particles suspended in air; breathing

A

aerosol

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35
Q

transmission: Insect or animal is intermediate host

A

vectorborne

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36
Q

second infection superimposed on an earlier one

usually second organism of endogenous or exogenous origin

original tx makes second microbe resistant

A

superinfection

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37
Q

pathogens take advantage of opportunity not usually available

altered normal flora, weaked immune system, breached integumentary barriers

A

opportunistic infection

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38
Q

s/s localized infection

A

Pain, inflammation, swelling, erythema, warmth, exudate

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39
Q

s/s systemic infection

A

Fever (or low temp), chills, tachycardia, tachypnea, fatigue, weakness, h/a, n/v/d

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40
Q

3 methods of diagnosis for infections

A

C & S

blood tests

immunological testing

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41
Q

neutrophilia indicates…

A

bacterial infection

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42
Q

lymphocytosis indicates…

A

viral infection

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43
Q

inflammatory markers (2)

A
  • C-reactive protein (CRP)
  • Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)
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44
Q

typically the most abundant antibody

A

IgG

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45
Q

what would it mean to find high IgG vs IgM levels in an antibody titer?

A

IgG - infection “gone” - immunity

IgM - acute illness - “miserable”

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46
Q

toxins secreted by G+ bacteria

A

exotoxins

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47
Q

toxins present in cell wall of G- bacteria

A

endotoxins

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48
Q

vasoactive compounts (endotoxin) can cause…

A

septic shock

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49
Q

viral replication stimulates ________ production by host cell

this stimulates ___________ to destroy cell

A

interferon

natural killer cells

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50
Q

protozoa examples

A

trichomoniasis, malaria, amoebic dysentery

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51
Q

causes of inflammation

A
  • Direct physical damage
  • Caustic chemicals
  • Ichemia & infarction
  • Allergic reactions
  • Extremes of heat or cold
  • Foreign bodies
  • Infection
52
Q

steps of inflammation (7)

A
  1. Release of bradykinin from injured cells
  2. Bradykinin activates pain receptors
  3. Mast cells & basophils release histamine
  4. Bradykinin & histamine cause capillary dilation
  5. Increased blood flow & capillary permeability
  6. Neutrophils & monocytes arrive at inflamed area
  7. Macrophages leave bloodstream for phagocytosis
53
Q

source of histamine

A

mast cells

basophils

54
Q

function of histamine

A

Vasodilation

Increased capillary permeability

55
Q

function of bradykinin

A

Vasodilation

Pain

Fever

Increased capillary permeability

56
Q

general functions of the inflammatory mediators

A

vasodilation

increased cap permeability

chemotaxis

pain

fever

platelet aggregation

57
Q

watery exudate

sign of ____ inflammation

A

serous

early

58
Q

pinkish exudate

A

serosanguinous

59
Q

exudate indicating a bacterial infection

A

purulent/supperative

60
Q

thick, clotted exudate

sign of ______ inflammation

A

fibrinous

advanced

61
Q

exudate containing blood

A

hemorrhagic/sanguinous

62
Q

acute inflammation lasts < _____

chronic inflammation lasts longer

A

2 weeks

63
Q

WBCs more common in chronic inflammation

A

lymphocytes, macrophages, fibroblasts

64
Q

______ may develop around a foreign object in chronic inflammation

A

granuloma

65
Q

local inflammation s/s

A
  • Erythema
  • Warmth
  • Edema
  • Pain
  • Loss of function
66
Q

systemic inflammation s/s

A
  • Pyrexia (fever)
  • Malaise
  • Fatigue
  • h/a
  • Anorexia
  • Pus
  • Incomplete wound healing
67
Q

causes of systemic inflammation (7)

A
  • unsuccessful acute inflammatory response
  • high lipid/wax content of microbe
  • microbe ability to survive inside macrophage
  • toxins
  • chemicals
  • particular matter
  • physical irritants
68
Q

why does inflammation increase infection risk?

A

increased cap permeability - microbes enter tissues

exudate provides environment for microbes

69
Q

function of skeletal muscle spasm

A

protective response to pain

70
Q

least & most powerful anti-inflammatories

A

least: acetaminophen
most: glucocorticoids & corticosteroids

71
Q

____ therapy used for inflammation

A

RICE

rest, ice, compression, elevation

72
Q

process of primary & secondary immune responses (5)

A
  1. First exposure to antigen
  2. Primary anti-antigen response - IgM rises - low amounts of antibodies - T&B cell creation
  3. IgG rises when antigen is “gone”
  4. Second exposure to antigen
  5. Secondary anti-antigen response - much higher amounts of IgM and IgG
73
Q

high IgM, low IgG

A

primary response

74
Q

high IgG, low IgM

A

antigen is gone

75
Q

high IgG and IgM

A

secondary response

76
Q

natural active

A

infection

77
Q

natural passive

A

preformed maternal antibodies

78
Q

artificial active

A

immunization

79
Q

artificial passive

A

preformed immunoglobulins given artificially

80
Q

3 main types of vaccines

A

whole agent

subunit

toxoid

81
Q

influenza A, hepatitis A, polio, rabies are ______ vaccines

A

inactivated (killed)

82
Q

MMR, varicella, rotovirus, Zostavax are _______ vaccines

A

attenuated (weakened)

83
Q

adjuvants used with ______ to …

A

subunit vaccines

increase effectiveness

84
Q

Hib, hepatitis B, HPV, pneumococcal, meningococcal are _____ vaccines

A

subunit

85
Q

diphtheria, tetanus are _____ vaccines

A

toxoid

86
Q

immunocompromise r/f

A

primary disease; secondary disease; chronic disease state; cancer; cancer tx; medications; nutrition

87
Q

reduction of immune response

A

immunosuppression

88
Q

partial or total loss of 1+ immune system components

A

immunodeficiency

89
Q

developmental immunodeficiency

A

primary deficiency

90
Q

loss of immune response from specific causes

A

secondary/acquired deficiencies

91
Q

HIV in Europe & America vs central Africa

A
  • HIV-1: US and Europe
  • HIV-2: central Africa
92
Q

HIV causes destruction of…

A

helper T-cells (CD4 lymphocytes)

93
Q

function of CD4 lymphocytes

A

recognize viral infections

94
Q

defines transition from HIV+ to AIDS

A

low CD4

95
Q

drugs used to treat HIV

at least ___ are required

A

antiretrovirals

3

96
Q
  • “allergy, asthma, anaphylaxis, atopic”
  • Immediate reaction
  • IgE-mediated
  • Most common cause of almost all allergic reactions
A

Type I hypersensitivity

97
Q

Type 1 mediated by…

A

IgE

98
Q

why can Type 1 hypersensitivity be life threatening?

A

Mast cells release histamine - bronchi constrict, massive vasodilation & capillary permeability

99
Q

Life-threatening systemic Type 1 hypersensitivity reaction

A

anaphylaxis

100
Q

tx anaphylaxis

A

epinephrine (Epipen)

101
Q
  • “antiBodies”
  • IgG-mediated, but sometimes IgM
  • Responds to antigens associated c cells
A

Type 2 hypersensitivity

102
Q

Type 2 mediated by…

A

IgG, sometimes IgM

103
Q

hypersensitivity involved with blocking receptors

also cytotoxic

A

Type 2

104
Q

blood agglutination

Graves’ disease

myasthenia gravis

A

Type 2 hypersensitivities

105
Q
  • “clumps, complexes”
  • IgG-mediated
  • Responds to antigens not attached to cells
  • Failure of self-recognition
  • Systemic problem
A

Type 3 hypersensitivity

106
Q

Type 3 mediated by…

A

IgG

107
Q

Formation of huge immune complexes outside of cells

become trapped in small spaces, like in basement membranes, joint spaces, glomeruli, etc

A

type 3 hypersensitivity

108
Q

lupus nephritis

serum sickness

reaction to penicillin or sulfa drugs

poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis

meningitis

hepatitis

malaria

rheumatoid arthritis

A

Type 3 hypersensitivites

109
Q
  • “delayed”
  • 48-72 hours later
  • T-cell-mediated
  • Total destruction of antigen
A

Type 4 hypersensitivity

110
Q

type 4 mediated by…

A

T cells

111
Q

why is type 4 delayed?

A

T cells have to work on their own

112
Q

PPD test

poison ivy

multiple sclerosis

T1DM

Crohn’s disease

A

Type 4 hypersensitivity

113
Q

Development of antibodies/cells against own tissues

A

autoimmune disorders

114
Q

type of antibodies created in autoimmune

A

autoantibodies

115
Q

hashimoto thyroiditis

systemic lupus erythmatosus

rheumatic fever

myasthenia gravis

scleroderma

pernicious anemia

A

autoimmune disorders

116
Q

autoimmune more common in men/women, age, race?

A

women

middle age

African American, Hispanic

117
Q

sends out T4 & T3 - controls metabolism

A

thyroid

118
Q

_______ monitors T3&4 levels & signals _________ to increase or decrease levels with ___

A

pituitary

hypothalamus

TSH

119
Q

autoimmune causes of hypo & hyperthyroidism

A

hypo - Hashimoto’s - antibodies block TSH receptors

hyper - Graves’ disease - antibodies stimulate TSH receptors

120
Q

universal donor & recipient

A

donor: O-
recipient: AB+

121
Q

Transfusion reaction can cause all blood to _______

A

hemolyse

122
Q

immune cells present in graft tissue attack host cells

A

graft vs host

123
Q

recipient’s immune system recognizes graft as foreign and tries to eliminate it

A

host vs graft (organ rejection)

124
Q

types of organ rejection (time periods)

A

hyperacute - immediate

acute - several weeks

chronic/late - months or years

125
Q

organ transplant pts are on _____ for the rest of their lives, and as a result…

A

immunosuppressant

immunocompromised

NS374—Pathophysiology (18 decks)

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