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NS374—Pathophysiology > Fluid Balance & Electrolytes > Flashcards

Fluid Balance & Electrolytes Flashcards

1
Q

we give ________ to pregnant women who go into labor early or have preeclampsia

A

magnesium

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2
Q

older adults are more prone to dehydration/have a lower total body water because of…

A

loss of muscle and fat, which hold water

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3
Q

2/3 of body water is in the…

A

intracellular space

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4
Q

1/3 of body water is in the…

A

extracellular space

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5
Q

20% of ECF is ______ and 80% is ________

A

plasma

interstitial fluid

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6
Q

movement of water is based on _______ and ________

A

osmosis and net filtration

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7
Q

osmosis: “water follows _____”

A

“salt” (or other solutes in high concentration)

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8
Q

isotonic, hypertonic, hypotonic

A 
isotonic = normal
hypertonic = higher concentration outside cell
hypotonic = lower concentration outside cell
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9
Q

hypotonic solutions lead to…

A

cellular edema
causes rough ER to lose ribosomes
decrease in protein synthesis

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10
Q

hypertonic solutions lead to…

A

crenation

cell shrinks up and dies

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11
Q

we may give hypertonic solutions to patients who…

A

need blood volume STAT

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12
Q

net filtration regulates exchange between which 2 compartments?

A

interstitial

vascular

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13
Q

net filtration affected by which pressures?

A

hydrostatic

oncotic

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14
Q

hydrostatic pressure moves water…

A

out of capillaries

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15
Q

oncotic pressure

A

osmotic pressure generated by presence of proteins/solutes

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16
Q

hypernatremia drawing water from the interstitium into the vascular compartment is an example of ______ pressure

A

oncotic

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17
Q

which capillaries have high/low water permeability?

A

high - glomerulus

low - brain capillaries

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18
Q

function of lymphatic system r/t fluid balance

A

Returns large volumes of fluid from interstitial space to intravascular space

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19
Q

blood volume (increases/decreases) if the lymphatic system fails

A

decreases

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20
Q

edema

A

excessive amount of fluid in the interstitial space

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21
Q

flesh holds its shape when you squish it down

A

pitting edema

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22
Q

etiology of edema (4)

A

Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure (BP)
Obstruction of lymphatic circulation
Increased capillary permeability
Certain bacterial toxins or large burn wounds

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23
Q

pink frothy sputum can indicate…

A

pulmonary edema

24
Q

lymphedema

A

edema associated c failure of lymphatic system

25
Q

what can increase capillary permeability, leading to edema?

A

histamines & other inflammatory mediators

26
Q

what is edema resulting from increased capillary permeability associated with?

A

inflammation/infection

27
Q

edema of face mainly
beneath the skin
almost entirely caused by medications, allergies, or autoimmune response

A

angioedema

28
Q

s/s of edema (7)

A 
local skin change
functional impairment/decreased ROM
pain
impaired arterial circulation
pitting
increased body weight
dental complications
29
Q

Compartment syndrome

what is it a concern with?

A

swelling does not allow bloodflow through

casts

30
Q

third-spacing

A

Fluid shifts into a body cavity & cannot re-enter blood or be used again

31
Q

example of third-spacing

A

ascites

32
Q

hormone released in response to high blood volume

A

natriuretic peptide

33
Q

how do the effects of natriuretic peptide affect fluid balance? what is the goal?

A

goal: decrease blood volume

decreases aldosterone - leads to diuresis
decreases ADH - leads to diuresis & decreased thirst

34
Q

dehydration

A

excessive loss of body water

35
Q

sites for turgor test

A

child - abdomen
adult - back of hand
elder - infraclavicular skin

36
Q

tenting indicates…

A

dehydration

37
Q

risk factors for dehydration (6)

A 
extremes of age (young, old)
decreased fluid intake
excessive fluid output
chronic disease
acute illness
medications
38
Q

clinical manifestations of dehydration (12)

A 
Hypernatremia
Inability to tear
Decreased urine output
Elevated urine specific gravity
Sunken fontanels (babies)
Try mucous membranes
Decreased skin turgor
Lower BP
Weak pulse
Fatigue
Increased hematocrit
Decreased mental function
39
Q

between natriuretic peptide and RAAS, which responds to low BP? which to high blood volume?

A

high blood volume - natriuretic peptide

low BP - RAAS

40
Q

5 ways body responds to dehydration

A 
Increased thirst
Increased HR - needs to rise because volume has decreased
Constriction of cutaneous blood vessels
Less urine production
RAAS
41
Q

function of RAAS

A

increases BP

42
Q

____ secreted by kidney in direct response to decreased blood flow to kidney

A

renin

43
Q

renin activates _______

A

angiotensin

44
Q

2 effects of angiotensin

A

vasoconstriction

triggers aldosterone production

45
Q

effects of aldosterone

A

Na+ retention

draws water into vascular space

46
Q

3 effects of ADH

A

vasoconstriction
water retention
increased thirst

47
Q

electrolytes

A

minerals in the body that have an electrical charge

48
Q

4 extracellular electrolytes

A

Na+
Ca+
HCO3-
Cl-

49
Q

intracellular electrolytes

A

K+
Mg+
P-

50
Q

Na/K pump function

A

uses ATPase to maintain normal distributions of Na and K

Pumps 3 Na out for every 2 K in

51
Q

Na+ functions

A

cellular excitation

ECF fluid volume maintenance

52
Q

K+ function

A

muscle contraction
nerve conduction
renal function

53
Q

Ca+ functions

A

muscle & nervous excitation
membrane permeability
exocrine, endocrine, neurocrine function

54
Q

Mg+ functions

A

activation of enzyme systems
role in ATP production
regulation of Ca actions

55
Q

Cl- function

A

acid-base balance

56
Q

P- function

A 
buffer system
cellular metabolism (atP)

NS374—Pathophysiology (18 decks)

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