Muscular System

Question 1

Muscle shortens, insertion drawn towards origin, movement occurs

Answer 1

Isotonic contraction

Question 2

Opposing force prevents shortening, tension produced but no movement, provides postural support

Answer 2

Isometric contraction

Question 3

Muscles with same action

Answer 3

Synergists

Question 4

Muscles with opposite actions

Answer 4

Antagonists

Question 5

Antagonist of branchiomeric M

Answer 5

Hypobranchials

Question 6

Functions of muscle tissues

Answer 6

1. Locomotion and posture
2. Circulation
3. Thermoregulation
4. Secretion
5. Digestion

Question 7

Mandibular arch musculature

Answer 7

Innervated by 5/trigeminal, includes jaw muscles like M adductor mandibulae

Question 8

Branchiomeric musculature

Answer 8

Pharyngeal arch muscles, compress pharynx and branchial chambers, used in respiration and feeding

Question 9

Epibranchials

Answer 9

Segmented, used in head movement, innervated by dorsal rami

Question 10

Hypobranchials

Answer 10

Open mouth and expand pharynx, innervated by ventral rami

Question 11

Novel branchiomeric jaw depressor

Answer 11

M. depressor mandibulae VII/facial

Tetrapod synapomorphy

Question 12

Branchiomeric jaw depressor found in mammals

Answer 12

M. digastricus V and VII

Question 13

An ancestral large jaw closer

Answer 13

M adductor mandibulae V

Question 14

Three mammalian derivatives of M adductor mandibulae

Answer 14

M temporalis, M masseter and M pterygoideus V

Question 15

Malleus muscle, from mandibular arch

Answer 15

M tensor tympani V

Question 16

Stapes muscle, from hyoid arch M

Answer 16

M stapedius VII

Question 17

Unique to mammals, enlarged hyoid arch elements

Answer 17

Facial muscles VII

Question 18

Intrinsic tongue muscle

Answer 18

M lingualis XII mammals

Question 19

3 layers of body wall

Answer 19

1. External obliques
2. Internal obliques
3. Transverse obliques

Question 20

New mid-ventral strip in trunk

Answer 20

Rectus abdominus Tetrapods

Question 21

Ocular muscles and innervations

Answer 21

Dorsal, ventral, medial rectus III, lateral rectus VI, dorsal oblique IV, ventral oblique III

Question 22

Associated with nictating membrane

Answer 22

Retractor bulbi VI terrapods