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Vertebrate Morphology > HOJ > Flashcards

HOJ Flashcards

1
Q

Africanization

A

In Christian African Countries, ppl assimilated Christian ideas with their old traditions. Ex. convert would still worship old gods/spirits and go to local medicine man

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2
Q

Atonality

A

Characteristic of modality. Very broad form of music. Lacks that tonal center/harmony. Purely relies on melody.

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3
Q

Avant-Garde

A

New style of jazz in 1960s (originated in 50s). Started by Ornette Coleman and Eric Dolphy. Music/improvisation style that combined art music and composition of avant-garde with jazz. Initially was like free-jazz but became distinct. Freedom

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4
Q

Backbeat

A

Syncopated accentuation that occurs on the offbeats of the rhythm (It’s usually 2 and 4 in hard bop)

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5
Q

“The Birth of the Cool”

A

Compilation album by Miles Davis. Released at Capitol Records on the West Coast in 1957. Compiles twelve tracks recorded by Davis’s nonet for the label over the course of 3 sessions during 1949 and 1950. Unusual instrumentation and notable musicians featured. Had innovative arrangements influenced by classical music techniques like polyphony. Major seminal development in post-bebop jazz.

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6
Q

Bitches Brew

A

1969 Miles Davis song. Example of Fusion. Paved the way for what is now called Jazz-Rock Fusion or Jazz Crossover. Many of the “superstar” groups that represented this fusion of jazz and rock came out of the Miles Davis Group of 1969, when Bitches Brew was recorded

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7
Q

Blue Note Records

A

A record company established in NY by Alfred in 1939. Recorded Thelonius Monk.

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8
Q

12-bar Blues

A

Chord Progression of I-IV-V

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9
Q

Call and Response

A

Very significant component of Backbeat

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10
Q

Capitol

A

FIRST major record company in West Coast. (Issued Miles Davis’ “Birth of Cool”)

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11
Q

Chord

A

When sound is STACKED simultaneously

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12
Q

Chord Progression

A

Element of improvisation

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13
Q

Civil Rights Movement

A

Began around 1954. Helps understand 1960s jazz. Rosa Park was a catalyst to it.

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14
Q

Collective Improvisation

A

A major quality in free jazz where each instrument played in such a way that it was not limited by its “predetermined” role.

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15
Q

Cool

A

A jazz school that

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16
Q

Crawford Grill

A

Pittsburgh. 3 places. Jazz musicians came together to play. Jazz in the Streets vs Pencil and Paper

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17
Q

Cross-fertilization

A

Western African and Western European CULTURE merged together in America!

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18
Q

Big Crossover

A

Late 1960s and 1970s. Jazz rock fusion era. Blues revival of 1960s was basis for emphasis on blues rhythm in today’s Fusion Jazz. Latin music became a part of Crossover during 1970s. Miles Davis, Herbie Hancock, Donald Byrd, Chick Corea etc. brought together elements of Rhythm/Blues and mainstream jazz to make new sound

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19
Q

Cultural Language

A

ex. “put the pots on”, “burnin”, “cookin”, all used to describe Hard Bop

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20
Q

Effects

A

Influence of Jazz on many cultures

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21
Q

Electronics

A

Help spread jazz all over the world!

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22
Q

Expatriate

A

Person who lives outside native country. ex. Nathan Davis, Sidney Bechet. Hard Bop=France, Cool=Sweden and Brazil

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23
Q

Freedom

A

1960s. New form of jazz by Dolphy and Coleman

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24
Q

Free Jazz

A

Improvised music. No chord progression, melodies, or rhythms. No chord instruments (like piano or guitar) which freed soloists from harmony. More manipulation of tone and pitch quality. Textures over melodies. High in energy. Letting go of the standards since 1940s. World Music influences: China, India, Middle East, Indonesia and Africa

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25
Q

Funky

A

Strong, danceable beat used to describe hard bop. Emphasized return of African American influence on jazz. Cultural language of shared feelings of early blues: “cookin”, “burnin”, “nasty”.

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26
Q

Fusion

A

1970s Jazz school. Marriage of Hard Bop and Blues. (Revival of blues—>emphasis on rhythm)

27
Q

Global Music

A

incorporated many aspects of different cultures into music

28
Q

Groove

A

Propulsive rhythmic “feel” or sense of swing created by interaction of music played by rhythm section of bands.

29
Q

Hard Bop

A

Hard swinging. Response of East Coast to Cool School in the 1950s. Marriage of Bebop with Blues/Rhythm. Return of African Americanism in jazz

30
Q

Hi-hat

A

type of cymbal and stand used by percussion in jazz. Open and closed notes.

31
Q

Improvisation

A

A performance without prep or planning

32
Q

Jukebox

A

A large diner device that played jazz

33
Q

Kind of Blue

A

1959 Studio album by Miles Davis recorded by Columbia Records. Featured Davis’s ensemble sextet: pianists Bill Evans and Wynton Kelly, drummer Jimmy Cobb, bassist Paul Chambers, and saxophonists John Coltrane and Julian “Cannonball” Adderley

34
Q

Latin

A

Latin influence on jazz during Crossover period in 1970s. First used by Dizzy Gillespie.

35
Q

Lyrics

A

Addition during the dixieland revival (more intellectual). Role of vocalist increased; now he was the star!

36
Q

Media/technology: (Vinyl, LP, cassette, CD)

A

different modes for jazz recordings, evolved with technology and helped spread jazz

37
Q

M-Base

A

1980s/90s NYC movement. Women instrumentalists were influential. Way of expressing music via improvisation and structure; non-western and innovative

38
Q

Melody

A

musically satisfying sequence of notes

39
Q

MJQ

A

Modern Jazz Quartet. Group during Cool Period. Combined classical chamber style with true jazz. John Lewis was musical director. Percy Heath (bass), Connie Kay (drums), and Milt Jackson (vibes)

40
Q

Modality

A

Emerged during transitional period of jazz (late 1950s, early 1960s). Return to the earlier church modes. Attempted to discover newer and richer melodies. Instead, restricted harmonic improvisations of jazz players, especially keyboard guys

41
Q

Modern Jazz

A

80s and 90s consumerism influence. Regan era conservation. “Young lion” and creation of MTV; 90s was end of cold war and digital age took over music.

42
Q

“laid-back”

A

used to describe cool jazz

43
Q

Mahavishnu Orchestra

A

Jazz-Rock Fusion group, led by John McLaughlin. Active during 1971-76 and then 1984-87.

44
Q

Multi-track recording

A

Method of recording sound. Allowed for separate recording of sound sources to create adhesive whole

45
Q

Organ trio

A

A group of 3 jazz musicians. Usually, a Hammond organ player, drummer, and either a guitarist or saxophonist. Sometimes, there’d be both a guitarist AND sax. Making it a quartet. Blues-based style of jazz, with some R&B. Long improvised solos and different musical “moods”

46
Q

Progressive Jazz

A

sound clusters, European orchestra technique, and big band brass sound with bebop: Stan Kenton, Lee Konitz, Art Pepper

47
Q

“put-the-pots-on”

A

Hard Bop language. Miles davis coined it, kinda like “groovin”.

48
Q

R&B

A

Rhythm and Blues. Huge in Fusion Era. Huge during Blues revival in 1960s. Young, white middle class. Blues with African American aspects. Exotic and experimental. Paved by Miles Davis. Attracted non-jazz fans

49
Q

Return to Forever

A

Jazz fusion group founded by pianist Chick Corea. Had bassist Stanley Clarke. Weather Report, Mahavishnu Orchestra, and this group were all important in the jazz-fusion movement of the 70s. Clarke, Flora Purim, Airto Moreira and Al Di Meola were all made popular by it

50
Q

Rhythm Section

A

Section in jazz band with instruments establishing harmony and rhythm like drums, double bass, piano, banjo, and/or guitar

51
Q

Ride cymbal

A

Suspended over a drum set, usually at the player’s right. Player strikes it with right hand.

52
Q

Riff

A

Musical phrase that repeats throughout song. Can be a series of notes or a chord pattern.

53
Q

Royalties

A

Money paid in compensation for the use of property or each unit used.

54
Q

Sampling

A

The art of taking a portion of one sound recording and reusing it as an instrument or sound recording in a different song or piece

55
Q

Sheets of Sound

A

A term coined in 1958 by “Down Beat” magazine jazz critic Ira Gitler to describe the new, unique improvisational style of John Coltrane

56
Q

Swing

A

American style of jazz originating in 1930s. Characterized by “big bands” and emphasis on solo passages. Also, 4/4 tempo with an almost even emphasis on each beat of the measure

57
Q

Syncopation (between beats)

A

It’s where the emphasis does not fall on the expected beats of 1,2,3,4. Instead it falls between them. Characteristic of Jazz and Rock.

58
Q

Third Stream

A

Coined by Gunther Schuller (composer). Described combo of western euro art and mainstream jazz in 50s/60s. Very skilled artists, much preparation, little improv., and didn’t make a lotta money. Gunther Schuller and John Lewis founded it, compositional music.

59
Q

Traditional or “trad” jazz

A

Refers to Dixieland and Ragtime jazz styles of early 20th century. Front line of horns, clarinet and trombone. Draws upon African, European, and African american musical style like ragtime and blues; nola and chicago featured individual and group improvisations. Polyphonic ensemble exhibited: Multiple melodies played simultaneously

60
Q

Trade fours

A

During Hard Bop Period. Alternating four measure solos with the drummer

61
Q

Vibraphone

A

Musical instrument. You’d strike it, idiophonic subfam of percussions. Resembles marimba, xylo, or glockenspiel

62
Q

Village Vanguard

A

Jazz club located at Seventh Avenue South in Greenwich Village, NYC. Opened in 1935 by Max Gordon. 1957, switched to all-jazz format.

63
Q

Vinyl

A

Material used for making records

Vertebrate Morphology (26 decks)

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