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Vertebrate Morphology > Embryology > Flashcards

Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

Female gamete

A

Ovum

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2
Q

Ovum plus accessory elements

A

Egg

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3
Q

Little yolk, evenly distributed

A

Microlecithal (Therian synapomorphy)

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4
Q

Moderate amount of yolk, unevenly distributed

A

Mesolecithal

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5
Q

Much yolk, cytoplasm limited to germinal disk

A

Macrolecithal

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6
Q

Entire zygote divides; yolk intracellular; occurs in micro- and meso- ova

A

Holoblastic cleavage; occurs in blastula stage

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7
Q

Only blastodisc divides; yolk extracellular; occurs only in macro- ova

A

Meroblastic cleavage; occurs in blastula stage

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8
Q

Space inside blastula, obliterated during involution

A

Blastocoel; occurs in Craniate blastulae

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9
Q

Cells of the early embryo, including blastula

A

Blastomeres; occurs in Craniate blastulae

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10
Q

Cytoplasmic region of the macrolecithal egg

A

Blastodisc

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11
Q

Establishing the three primary germ layers, establishes the blastopore, primitive gut, three axis of embryo

A

Gastrulation; occurs in gastrula stage

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12
Q

180 degrees away from where sperm enters ova; area of pigment

A

Gray crescent

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13
Q

Gray crescent invaginates and involutes to become this

A

Blastopore; occurs in gastrula stage

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14
Q

Cells move and roll over the lip of a structure, then move forward under its surface

A

Involution

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15
Q

Endodermal cells protrude into blastopore, forming this

A

Yolk plug; occurs in gastrula phase

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16
Q

Prospective ectodermal cells clothe embryo, overrun vegetal pole; yolk plug remains ectoderm-free

A

Epiboly

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17
Q

Surface layer of blastodisc

A

Epiblast

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18
Q

Deep layer of blastodisc

A

Hypoblast

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19
Q

A depression in the center of the epiblast

A

Primitive streak

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20
Q

Growth doesn’t begin until this stage

A

Neurula stage

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21
Q

Induces neural plate formation

A

Chordomesoderm; occurs in neurula stage

22
Q

A process by which one embryonic tissue causes an adjacent tissue to differentiate

A

Induction

23
Q

Tissues which induction usually occurs between

A

Epithelium and mesenchyme

24
Q

Where the neural crest forms

A

Lateral folds; occurs in neurula stage

25
Q

Mesoderm splits to form coelem

A

Enterocoely; deuterostome synapomorphy; occurs in neurula stage

26
Q

Mesoderm during the neurula stage

A

Ventral expansion, closure of endodermal tube, differentiation of coelem

27
Q

Dorsal segmented mesoderm, each segment being a somite

A

Epimere/paraxial

28
Q

Gives rise to kidneys and gonads

A

Mesomere/intermediate

29
Q

Lateral plate mesoderm

A

Hypomere

30
Q

Forms dermis

A

Dermatome, part of the epimeric region of mesoderm

31
Q

Forms vertebral column+ parts of skull

A

Sclerotome, part of epimeric region of mesoderm

32
Q

Forms somatic musculature of body wall and appendages

A

Myotome, part of epimeric region of mesoderm

33
Q

Forms connective tissue, visceral muscles, mesenteries, visceral peritoneum

A

Splanchnic layer; part of lateral-plate mesoderm

34
Q

Forms parietal peritoneum and body wall musculature

A

Somatic layer; part of lateral-plate mesoderm

35
Q

Stage where the pharyngeal region differentiates

A

Pharyngula stage

36
Q

Forms by evagination of mid-ventral floor of pharynx, produces thyroxin

A

Thyroid

37
Q

Produces hormones that control calcium and phosphate metabolism aka bone development

A

Parathyroid; pharyngeal pouch derivative

38
Q

Forms from pharyngeal pouch lining aka endoderm

A

Pharyngeal pouch derivatives

39
Q

Responsible for lymphocyte production

A

Thymus; pharyngeal pouch derivative

40
Q

Produces calcitonin in fishes

A

Ultimobranchial bodies; pharyngeal pouch derivative

41
Q

Extra-embryonic membrane for storage and absorption of yolk

A

Yolk sac; macrolecithal eggs

42
Q

Invest the yolk sac

A

Vitelline blood vessels

43
Q

Outer, protective membrane and respiratory structure

A

Chorion

44
Q

Containing amniotic fluid

A

Amnion

45
Q

Acts as a storage area for uric acid and as a respiratory organ

A

Allantois

46
Q

female lays egg outside of body, develops outside of body

A

Oviparity

47
Q

Egg develops and hatches inside body

A

Ovoviviparity

48
Q

True live birth

A

Viviparity, Therians only

49
Q

Outer layer of cells that doesn’t develop in Therian embryos

A

Trophoblast

50
Q

Name of trophoblast and inner cell mass

A

Blastocyst

51
Q

Barrier between mother and embryo

A

Placenta

52
Q

Name stages of prenatal growth

A
  1. Egg
  2. Blastula
  3. Gastrula
  4. Neurula
  5. Pharyngula

Vertebrate Morphology (26 decks)

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