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Vertebrate Morphology > Evolutionary Morphology > Flashcards

Evolutionary Morphology Flashcards

1
Q

Series of developmental stages

A

Ontogeny

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2
Q

New stages yielding derived adult morphologies are added onto the end of ancestral ontogeny.

A

Terminal addition

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3
Q

Idea that development accelerates in descendants

A

Condensation

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4
Q

Idea that descendant ontogenies represent ancestral adult forms

A

Palingenesis; DISCARDED THEORY

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5
Q

Change that doesn’t fit recapitulation

A

Cenogenesis

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6
Q

Repetition of an evolutionary process during growth

A

Recapitulation

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7
Q

Idea that descendant ontogenies tend to recapitulate ancestral ones.

A

Paleogenesis

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8
Q

Example of paleogenesis

A

Notochord doesn’t persist into adult; extra stage where they disappear exists as compared to ancestor.

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9
Q

Mechanism for adaptation

A

Natural selection

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10
Q

Genetic modifications that cause phylogenetic change

A

Changes in protein structure and changes in regulatory mechanisms during development

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11
Q

List modes of evolutionary change

A
  1. Cell division and allometry
  2. Cellular differentiation
  3. Apoptosis
  4. Embryonic tissue interactions
  5. Heterochrony
  6. Pattern formation
  7. Reduction and loss
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12
Q

When different parts of the body grow at different rates during development.

A

Allometric growth

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13
Q

Evolutionary change in rates of cell growth that give rise to descendants with different proportions.

A

Evolutionary allometry

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14
Q

When cell populations differentiate differently in descendant lineages

A

Change in cellular differentiation

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15
Q

Example of cellular differentiation

A

Cartilaginous skeleton in Chondrichthyes

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16
Q

When a descendant retains a fetal stage of the ancestor into adulthood

A

Paedomorphosis

17
Q

Programmed cell death

A

Apoptosis

18
Q

Example of apoptosis in evolution

A

In ducks, webbing between feet fails to die during development resulting in webbed feet

19
Q

Example of embryonic tissue interactions affecting evolution

A

Bird mesenchyme has lost the ability to respond to induction and will not form tooth germ.

20
Q

Process of normal tooth development

A

Oral epithelium induces neural crest mesenchyme to form tooth germ, which induces the oral epithelium to form the enamel organ.

21
Q

Evolutionary change in the timing of developmental events.

A

Heterochrony

22
Q

Example of heterochrony

A

Cessation of brain growth occurs later in humans than in other great apes.

23
Q

Developmental establishment of precise spacial relationships between parts.

A

Pattern formation

24
Q

Example of pattern formation affecting evolution

A

Modern birds proximal tarsals fuse to form tibiotarsus and distal and metatarsals fuse to form tarsometatarsus

25
Q

A structure that has lost function and is greatly reduced in size in descendant

A

Vestigial structure

26
Q

Anomalous reappearance of lost structure in a descendant

A

Atavism

27
Q

Example of atavism

A

Extra digit in horses

28
Q

Idea that culling unnecessary structures allows resources to be diverted elsewhere.

A

Energetic savings hypothesis

29
Q

Idea that development of useless structures impinges development of important structures

A

Noise-squelch theory

30
Q

When a species may evolve to look like ancestors

A

“Evolutionary reversal” IS NOT A TRUE REVERSAL OF EVOLUTION

31
Q

Idea that new structures evolve from pre-existing ones.

A

Principle of Continuity

32
Q

Idea that when a structure evolves its parts change in an integrated manner-under the control of local developmental processes- such that function is retained throughout.

A

Principle of Integrated Change

33
Q

Example of integrated change

A

Angiogenesis

34
Q

The developmental production of joints

A

Arthrogenesis

35
Q

A relationship between structures in different taxa such that one is derived directly from the other OR both are derived from the same common ancestor.

A

Homology

36
Q

Three main criteria for homology

A
  1. Comparative anatomy
  2. Ontogeny
  3. Fossil history
37
Q

Subcategories of comparative anatomy

A
  • gross similarity
  • spatial similarity
  • material similarity
  • histological similarity
38
Q

The biogenetic law

A

Ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny; ontogenetic stages of a descendant represent adult stages of ancestor. DISCARDED THEORY

39
Q

Idea that an accumulation of neutral mutations over time eventually impinges on development of useless structure

A

Genetic drift hypothesis

Vertebrate Morphology (26 decks)

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