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Physiology > Muscly physiology part b > Flashcards

Muscly physiology part b Flashcards

1
Q

What is rate limiting step for cycle

A

ATP hydrolysis

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2
Q

Fast fibers=

A

Myosin with fast ATPase activity

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3
Q

Slow fibers=

A

Myosin with slow ATPase activity

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4
Q

Slow fiber contractions last how much longer then fast

A

10 times

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5
Q

How to classify as oxidative or glycolitic

A

based on primary source of energy

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6
Q

Oxidative fibers primary energy source is

A

oxidative phosphorylation

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7
Q

Properties of oxidative fibers

A

Many mitochondria
Myoglobin (red)
Small diameter
Resistant to fatigue

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8
Q

Glycolytic fibers properties

A 
Fewer mitochondria
Many glycolytic enzymes
High glycogen stores
Use little oxygen - anaerobic
Large diameter
Rapid to fatigue
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9
Q

What are the three types of muscle fiber types

A

Slow oxidative
Fast oxidative
Fast glycolytic

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10
Q

Properties of slow oxidative fibers

A 
Low myosin ATPase
High oxidative capacity- aerobic
Mitochondria
Rich blood supply
Myoglobin (red)
Small diameter 
Little tension
Small diffusion barrier)
Fatigue slowly
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11
Q

Properties of fast glycolytic fibers

A 
High myosin ATPase activity
High glycolytic capacity
High glycogen stores
Many glycolytic enzymes
No myoglobin (white)
Large diameter 
Greater tension
Fatigue rapidly
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12
Q

Properties of Fast oxidative fibers

A 
High myosin ATPase activity
High oxidative capacity - Aerobic
Myoglobin
Slow to fatigue, but more rapid than slow oxidative
Intermediate diameter
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13
Q

Proportions of fibers in a muscle depends on what

A

Function of muscle, postural muscle more slow oxidative

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14
Q

What is the recruitment order of fibers?

A

Slow oxidative, fast oxidative, fast glycolytic

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15
Q

Causes of muscle fatigue in high intensity exercise

A

Build up of lactic acid
Compression of blood vessels
Depletion of acetylcholine (neuromuscular fatigue)

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16
Q

Causes of fatigue in low intensity exercise

A

Depletion of energy reserves

17
Q

What are other possibilities of fatigue

A

Build up of inorganic phosphates

Changes in ion distribution

18
Q

What is central fatiue

A

psychological fatigue

19
Q

What is change is muscle size due to?

A

Change in size of individual cells

20
Q

What is disuse atrophy

A

Decrease in size( lose myofibrils)

21
Q

What is denervation atrophy

A

Motor neuron destroyed so no excitation, atrophy due to lack of use

22
Q

What is hypertrophy

A

Increase in size (increase myofibrils)

Increase production of actin & myosin

23
Q

Aerobic exercise adapts muscle how

A

Increases oxidative capacity of muscle
More mitochondria
Increase blood supply (capillaries)
Decrease in diameter

24
Q

how does anaerobic ex adapt muscle

A 
Increases ability of muscle to generate more tension (strength)
Increases amount actin & myosin
Increases number of myofibrils
Increases diameter of muscle fiber
Increases glycolytic enzymes
Decreases oxidative capacity
25
Q

Does smooth muscle contain actin and myosin

A

yes

26
Q

Some properties of smooth muscle

A 
No sarcomeres
higher actin:myosin ratio
actin and myosin much longer
myosin heads over entire length
arranged diagonally
One nucleus
Tropomyosin
No troponin
Dense bodies analogous to Z line
Slow myosin ATPase
Myosin has light chains
Little sarcoplasmic reticulum
27
Q

Steps of excitation-contraction coupling for smooth muscle

A

Opening of calcium channels in plasma membrane

  • Voltage
  • Receptor
  • Mechanically-gated
    2. Calcium triggers release of calcium from sarcoplasmic reticulum
    3. Calcium binds to calmodulin
    4. Ca-Calmodulin activates MLCK
    5. MLCK phosphorylates myosin
    6. Crossbridge cycling
28
Q

how does relaxation of smooth muscle occur

A

Phosphatase removes phosphate from myosin
Calcium removed from cytoplasm
Ca-ATPase
Ca-Na counter transport

29
Q

Is myosin ATPase slower or faster in smooth or skeletal muscle

A

SLower

30
Q

Action potential in smooth muscle are mediated by what

A

Calcium

31
Q

What determines tension

A

Intracellular Ca

32
Q

Intracellular Ca influenced by what

A

Neural control - Autonomic NS
Hormonal control
Paracrines (local controls)

33
Q

What is the most common type of smooth muscle. Where are these found?

A

Single unit.
Intestinal tract
Blood vessels
Respiratory tract

34
Q

Where are multi-unit smooth muscle found

A

Large airways and arteries, eye

35
Q

Similarities of cardiac muscle with skeletal muscle

A 
Striated - sarcomeres
Troponin & Tropomyosin regulation
T tubules
Sarcoplasmic reticulum, but not as well developed
Similar to slow oxidative fibers
myoglobin
mitochondria
slow to fatigue
36
Q

What is lacking in cardiac muscle?

A

Summation, action potential lasts almost as long as tension

Physiology (20 decks)

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