Chap 21

Question 1

Blood glucose maintained around

Answer 1

4.5 mM

Question 2

Blood glucose maintenance involves what?

Answer 2

Insulin, glucagon, and adrenaline

Question 3

What does insulin signal?

Answer 3

That blood glucose is high

Question 4

Glucogon signals what?

Answer 4

that blood glucose is low

Question 5

When glucagon signals, what occurs?

Answer 5

Tissues produce glucose from glycogen, liver gluconeogenesis increase, fats oxidised to reduce use of glucose

Question 6

Adrenaline released into the blood why?

Answer 6

To prepare muscles lungs and heart for a burst of energy

Question 7

Cortisol released in response to?

Answer 7

Stessors ( ex: anxiety, fear, pain, infection)

Question 8

What are the three actions of insulin?

Answer 8

Stimulates glucose uptake by muscle, activates glycogen synthase and stimulates storage of excess fuel as fat

Question 9

In liver, what does insulin stimulate?

Answer 9

Glucose 6 Phosphate to pyruvate and pyruvate to acetyl CoA and acetyl CoA fuels FA synthesis

Question 10

FA made in liver converted to what

Answer 10

Triacylglycerols nad transported in VLDLS to fat cells

Question 11

How does glucagon increase blood glucose levels?

Answer 11

Stimulating glycogen breakdown in liver, and inhibits liver glycolysis and stimulates gluconeogenesis

Question 12

When is adrenaline released? Where is it released from?

Answer 12

In a stressful situation that requires increased activity Adrenal medulla.

Question 13

What are physiological effect of adrenaline?

Answer 13

Increase heart rate and blood pressure, and increase flow of oxygen to tissues

Question 14

What are some metabolic effects of adrenaline?

Answer 14

In muscle and liver, stimulates conversion of glycogen to glucose

Question 15

What does adrenaline stimulate in fat? What else does it stimulate and inhibit?

Answer 15

Fat mobilization by activating triacylglycerol lipase. Glucagon secretion and inhibits insulin secretion

Question 16

What does Cortisol do?

Answer 16

Acts on the muscle, liver and adipose tissue to supply them with fuel

Question 17

What else does cortisol do?

Answer 17

Slow-acting. Promotes gene expression

Question 18

In adipose tissue, what does Cortisol do

Answer 18

Promotes release of FAs stored from TG

Question 19

What does cortisol do in muscle?

Answer 19

Stimulates breakdown of excess protein to amino acids> they are transported to liver where they act as precursor to gluconeogenesis

Question 20

What does cortisol do in liver?

Answer 20

Promotes gluconeogenesis by stimulating expression of the PEPCK gene.

Question 21

What is the overall effect of cortisol?

Answer 21

Raises blood glucose levels and maintains glycogen stores

Question 22

After the first day or so of starvation, what will become source of fuel for the brain?

Answer 22

Glucose then ketone bodies, and then if starvation continues it will be ketone bodies first and then glucose

Question 23

Stores of ATP last how long

Answer 23

~1s

Question 24

After ATP utilized, what is utilized?

Answer 24

Phosphocreatine

Question 25

What supplements can delay fatigue?

Answer 25

Creatine, and sodium bicarbonate

Question 26

If a cell has excess of a certain amino acid, what does it typically use to prevent diversion of more intermediary molecules from the krebs cycle

Answer 26

Feedback inhibition

Question 27

Rate of catabolism is regulated typically by what?

Answer 27

Level of ATP in the cell

Question 28

If ATP levels drop, what occurs in cell

Answer 28

Catabolism speeds up to produce more ATP

Question 29

What sets the pace of respiration? This enzyme inhibited and stimulated by what?

Answer 29

Allosteric regulation of phosphofructokinase. Inhibited by ATP and stimulated by AMP ( derived from ADP)