Chapter 11

Question 1

What is dual innervation ?

Answer 1

Both branches of ANS innervate most effector organs

Question 2

Primary function of ANS

Answer 2

regulate organs to maintain homeostasis

Question 3

What are the two neurons fron CNS to effector organs

Answer 3

Preganglionic neuron

Postganglionic neuron

Question 4

Purpose of autonomic ganglia

Answer 4

communication from preganglionic to postganglionic neuron

Question 5

What are intrinsic neurons?

Answer 5

modulate the flow of information to the target organs

Question 6

What are the effector organs

Answer 6

Cardiac muscle
Smooth muscle
Glands
Adipose tissue

Question 7

Where do preganglionic neurons originate?

Answer 7

Thoracolumbar spinal cord

Question 8

Preganglionic exits via what

Answer 8

Ventral root of spinal cord and enters spinal nerve

Question 9

Pathway for postganglionic

Answer 9

Leave ganglia as gray ramus and re-enter spinal nerve

Travel to effector organ in spinal nerve

Question 10

Where do preganglionic neurons originate?

Answer 10

brainstem or sacral spinal cord

Question 11

two primary receptors in the nervous system are what?

Answer 11

Acetylcholine and norepinephrine.

Question 12

Acetylcoline what type of neurons

Answer 12

Preganglionic, parasympathetic postganglionic and sympathetic postganglionic

Question 13

Hormones of the Adrenal Medulla and percentages

Answer 13

80% epinephrine and 20% norepinephrine, small amount of dopamine

Question 14

Cholinergic means it releases what?

Answer 14

releases acytelcholine

Question 15

Purpose of nicotinic cholinergic receptors?

Answer 15

Open channels for cations, results in depolarization. Excitatory effect on target cell

Question 16

What is muscarinic cholinergic receptors?

Answer 16

Coupled to G protein, response triggered by binding of acyteylcholine depends on target cell

Question 17

what class of cholinergic receptor found in autonomic postganglionic ? Effector organ for parasympathetic? Skeletal muscle?

Answer 17

Nicotinic, muscarinic, and nicotinic

Question 18

Two main classes of adrenergic receptors.

Answer 18

Alpha and Beta. All coupled to G proteins

Question 19

How many subclasses for alpha and beta

Answer 19

2 alpha 3 beta

Question 20

Where are alpha adrenergic receptors located? Affinity is greater for what?

Answer 20

Effector organs of sympathetic nervous system, norepinephrine

Question 21

What can be said about all Beta adrenergic receptors?

Answer 21

All activate cAMP

Question 22

Where are Beta 1 Adre. Receptors located? Excitory or inhibitory? What about affinity for epinephrine and norep.

Answer 22

cardiac muscles and kidneys. Usually excitory, equal affinity.

Question 23

Beta 2 located where? Inhibitory? Greater affinity for what?

Answer 23

some blood vessels and smooth muscle. Yes. Greater affinity for epinephrine.

Question 24

beta 3 located where?

Answer 24

Adipose tissue. Excitory, equal affinity.

Question 25

What is autonomic neuroeffector junctions?

Answer 25

Synapses between efferent and effector organ in ANS

Question 26

Neurotransmitter stored where for Neuroeffector junction?

Answer 26

Axon swellings called varicosites. In response to action potential in postganglionic neuron.

Question 27

Events at the neuroeffector junciton (6)

Answer 27

1. Action potential arrives at varicosity. 2. Voltage-gated Ca2+ channels open. 3. Ca2+ triggers exocytosis of neurotransmitter. 4. Neurotransmitter binds with receptors on effector organ. 5. response in effector organ. 6. Neurotransmitter degraded, diffuses away, reuptake.

Question 28

What is increased and decreased during parasympathetic activity

Answer 28

Increase in gastrointestinal activities and decrease in heart rate and blood pressure

Question 29

msot changes in ANS accomplished through what?

Answer 29

visceral reflexes(changes in the functions of organs that occur in response to changing conditions in the body

Question 30

What do the hypothalamus, pons and medulla maintain?

Answer 30

Homeostasis

Question 31

Waht do cerebral cortex and limbic system control

Answer 31

emotions

Question 32

How many neurons between CNS and effector organ in SNS

Answer 32

one-motor neuron

Question 33

what is the effector organ in SNS

Answer 33

Skeletal muscle

Question 34

SNS originate from where?

Answer 34

Ventral Horn

Question 35

What is the neurotransmitter for SNS

Answer 35

Acetylcholine

Question 36

What are the receptors in skeletal muscle

Answer 36

Nicotinic cholinergic

Question 37

What is a motor unit

Answer 37

Motor neuron and the muscle fibers it innervates

Question 38

How many muscle fibers does a motor unit innervate

Answer 38

MAny

Question 39

What is a neuromuscular junction

Answer 39

Synapse between a motor neuron and a muscle fiber

Question 40

What are the two anatomical portions of the neuromuscular junction?

Answer 40

Terminal button= axon terminal and motor end plate= specialized muscle membrane at junction

Question 41

All motor neurons release what?

Answer 41

Acetylcholine

Question 42

What type of receptors are on skeletal muscle cells

Answer 42

nicotinic cholinergic

Question 43

All synapses are what for neuromuscular junction

Answer 43

Excitatory

Question 44

what degrades acetylcholine in synaptic cleft

Answer 44

Acetylcholinesterase

Question 45

Activation of motor neuron depends on what

Answer 45

Summation os EPSPs and IPSPs

Question 46

Action potential in motor neuron triggers what

Answer 46

release of acetylcholine at neuromuscular junciton

Question 47

8 steps of cummunicaiton at the neuromuscular junciton

Answer 47

1. Action potential arrives at terminal button. 2. Voltage-gated calcium channels open. 3. Calcium enter cell triggering release of ACh 4. ACh diffuses accross cleft and binds to nicotinic receptors on motor end plate 5. ACh triggers opening of channels for small cations sodium and potassium 6. Net movement of positive charge in = depolarization 7. EPP causes action potential in muscle cell 8. Action potential spreads through muscle causing contraction