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Physiology > Chapter 11 > Flashcards

Chapter 11 Flashcards

1
Q

What is dual innervation ?

A

Both branches of ANS innervate most effector organs

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2
Q

Primary function of ANS

A

regulate organs to maintain homeostasis

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3
Q

What are the two neurons fron CNS to effector organs

A

Preganglionic neuron

Postganglionic neuron

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4
Q

Purpose of autonomic ganglia

A

communication from preganglionic to postganglionic neuron

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5
Q

What are intrinsic neurons?

A

modulate the flow of information to the target organs

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6
Q

What are the effector organs

A

Cardiac muscle
Smooth muscle
Glands
Adipose tissue

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7
Q

Where do preganglionic neurons originate?

A

Thoracolumbar spinal cord

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8
Q

Preganglionic exits via what

A

Ventral root of spinal cord and enters spinal nerve

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9
Q

Pathway for postganglionic

A

Leave ganglia as gray ramus and re-enter spinal nerve

Travel to effector organ in spinal nerve

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10
Q

Where do preganglionic neurons originate?

A

brainstem or sacral spinal cord

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11
Q

two primary receptors in the nervous system are what?

A

Acetylcholine and norepinephrine.

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12
Q

Acetylcoline what type of neurons

A

Preganglionic, parasympathetic postganglionic and sympathetic postganglionic

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13
Q

Hormones of the Adrenal Medulla and percentages

A

80% epinephrine and 20% norepinephrine, small amount of dopamine

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14
Q

Cholinergic means it releases what?

A

releases acytelcholine

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15
Q

Purpose of nicotinic cholinergic receptors?

A

Open channels for cations, results in depolarization. Excitatory effect on target cell

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16
Q

What is muscarinic cholinergic receptors?

A

Coupled to G protein, response triggered by binding of acyteylcholine depends on target cell

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17
Q

what class of cholinergic receptor found in autonomic postganglionic ? Effector organ for parasympathetic? Skeletal muscle?

A

Nicotinic, muscarinic, and nicotinic

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18
Q

Two main classes of adrenergic receptors.

A

Alpha and Beta. All coupled to G proteins

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19
Q

How many subclasses for alpha and beta

A

2 alpha 3 beta

20
Q

Where are alpha adrenergic receptors located? Affinity is greater for what?

A

Effector organs of sympathetic nervous system, norepinephrine

21
Q

What can be said about all Beta adrenergic receptors?

A

All activate cAMP

22
Q

Where are Beta 1 Adre. Receptors located? Excitory or inhibitory? What about affinity for epinephrine and norep.

A

cardiac muscles and kidneys. Usually excitory, equal affinity.

23
Q

Beta 2 located where? Inhibitory? Greater affinity for what?

A

some blood vessels and smooth muscle. Yes. Greater affinity for epinephrine.

24
Q

beta 3 located where?

A

Adipose tissue. Excitory, equal affinity.

25
Q

What is autonomic neuroeffector junctions?

A

Synapses between efferent and effector organ in ANS

26
Q

Neurotransmitter stored where for Neuroeffector junction?

A

Axon swellings called varicosites. In response to action potential in postganglionic neuron.

27
Q

Events at the neuroeffector junciton (6)

A
  1. Action potential arrives at varicosity.
  2. Voltage-gated Ca2+ channels open.
  3. Ca2+ triggers exocytosis of neurotransmitter.
  4. Neurotransmitter binds with receptors on effector organ.
  5. response in effector organ.
  6. Neurotransmitter degraded, diffuses away, reuptake.
28
Q

What is increased and decreased during parasympathetic activity

A

Increase in gastrointestinal activities and decrease in heart rate and blood pressure

29
Q

msot changes in ANS accomplished through what?

A

visceral reflexes(changes in the functions of organs that occur in response to changing conditions in the body

30
Q

What do the hypothalamus, pons and medulla maintain?

A

Homeostasis

31
Q

Waht do cerebral cortex and limbic system control

A

emotions

32
Q

How many neurons between CNS and effector organ in SNS

A

one-motor neuron

33
Q

what is the effector organ in SNS

A

Skeletal muscle

34
Q

SNS originate from where?

A

Ventral Horn

35
Q

What is the neurotransmitter for SNS

A

Acetylcholine

36
Q

What are the receptors in skeletal muscle

A

Nicotinic cholinergic

37
Q

What is a motor unit

A

Motor neuron and the muscle fibers it innervates

38
Q

How many muscle fibers does a motor unit innervate

A

MAny

39
Q

What is a neuromuscular junction

A

Synapse between a motor neuron and a muscle fiber

40
Q

What are the two anatomical portions of the neuromuscular junction?

A

Terminal button= axon terminal and motor end plate= specialized muscle membrane at junction

41
Q

All motor neurons release what?

A

Acetylcholine

42
Q

What type of receptors are on skeletal muscle cells

A

nicotinic cholinergic

43
Q

All synapses are what for neuromuscular junction

A

Excitatory

44
Q

what degrades acetylcholine in synaptic cleft

A

Acetylcholinesterase

45
Q

Activation of motor neuron depends on what

A

Summation os EPSPs and IPSPs

46
Q

Action potential in motor neuron triggers what

A

release of acetylcholine at neuromuscular junciton

47
Q

8 steps of cummunicaiton at the neuromuscular junciton

A
  1. Action potential arrives at terminal button.
  2. Voltage-gated calcium channels open.
  3. Calcium enter cell triggering release of ACh
  4. ACh diffuses accross cleft and binds to nicotinic receptors on motor end plate
  5. ACh triggers opening of channels for small cations sodium and potassium
  6. Net movement of positive charge in = depolarization
  7. EPP causes action potential in muscle cell
  8. Action potential spreads through muscle causing contraction

Physiology (20 decks)

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