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bio 20 > muscles / cellular repirtation > Flashcards

muscles / cellular repirtation Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what does the cardiac muscles do?
involuntary or volontary?
uninuclued or multinucleated

A

theyre the only ones that cover the heart
involuntary
multinucleated

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2
Q

what does the smooth muscles do?
involuntary or volontary?
uninuclued or multinucleated

A

theyre ones on glands, liver, blood vessels ect
involuntary
uninucleated

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3
Q

what does the skeletal muscles do?
involuntary or volontary?
uninuclued or multinucleated

A

Muscles for posture and movement. Attached to bones
voluntary
multinucleated

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4
Q

Flexor job in skeletal muscles

A

muscle that contracts to bend a joint

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5
Q

Extensor job in skeltal muscles

A

muscle that contracts to straighten a joint

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6
Q

when do skeletal muscles lengthen when relax? or contract?

A

when they relax

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7
Q

when do skeletal muscles shorten when they relax? or contract?

A

when they contract

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8
Q

whats a tendon

A

band of connective tissue that joins a muscle to a bone

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9
Q

whats a origin

A

muscle attaches to a stationary bone

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10
Q

whats a Insertion

A

muscle attaches to a moving bone

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11
Q

myofilamets 2 types

A

threads of contractile proteins (actin and myosin)

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12
Q

actin

A

pair of protein strands woven together that resembles a string of beads

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13
Q

myosin

A

myofilament has proteins molecules wound together

The myosin filaments have “heads” that stick out

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14
Q

whats the sliding fliament theory
(how muscles contract)

A

Actin filaments slide over the myosin filaments.

The Z line moves closer together (muscle contracts)

Knob – on the myosin filaments heads attach and detach as the actin then are drawn closer.

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15
Q

largest to smallest muscles

A

1) muscle
2) muscle fiber bundel
3) muscle fiber
4) myofibrils (has actin and myosin)
5) myofilaments

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16
Q

what does tropomyosin do

A

its around actin and prevents myosin from grabbing actin so muscles arnt always in full contraction

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17
Q

what does troponin do

A

regulator of muscle contraction and atin only activates actin when calcium

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18
Q

what des calcium do

A

Calcium triggers contraction by reaction with regulatory proteins in the absence of calcium prevent of actin and myosin = no contraction

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19
Q

chem of muscle contraction

A
  • chemical released between nerve and muscle
    -Chemical reaches the troponin
    -Calcium ions released (not just for bones)
    -Calcium ions initiate between actin and myosin
    -ATP provides energy for filaments to slide
    -Calcium ions taken up by the ER
    -Muscle relaxes
20
Q

what happens when muscles relaxed what happens with the myosin

A

myosin heads are ready to bind to actin but they cannot bind from tropomyosin

21
Q

what protein is the protein tropomyosin moved by

A

troponin

22
Q

what are the ways you can create atp

A

-phosphate creation
- aerobic cellular respiration
- lactic fermentation

23
Q

creatine phosphate purpose

A

it makes atp and is used when muscles need quick enery and helps transfer adp to atp

24
Q

aerobic cellular repiration process

A

it is when o2 is present and it enters muscle and goes to mitocondra

02+ glusoces froms co2 and h2O

25
Q

fermentation process

A

When oxygen is not present (sometimes referred to as “oxygen debt”)

Instead, in animals, lactate fermentation occurs.
glycolysis breaking down glucose into 2 ATP molecules / lactate molecule

26
Q

what is the lantent period in muscle contraction

A

a pause between the impulse and muscle contraction

27
Q

what is concentration in muscle contraction

A

actin and myosin fibres slide over one another. Muscle shortens

28
Q

what is Relaxation Phase in muscle contraction

A

actin and myosin disengage and muscles start to relax.

29
Q

what is summation in muscle contraction

A

increased muscle contraction produced by a combination of stimuli

30
Q

what is tetanus in muscle contractiojn

A

the state of constant muscle contraction produced by sustained nerve impulses.

31
Q

what are the steps to muscle contraction

A

Latent Period

Contraction

Relaxation Phase

Summation:

Tetanus:

32
Q

fast twitch in muscle fibers traits

A

Sprinters
Type IIx and IIa
Break down ATP faster but less efficiently

33
Q

slow twitch in muscle fibers traits

A

Long distance runners

Required for endurance events
Aerobic respiration is predominant.

34
Q

Spasms

A

sudden involuntary contraction of muscle

35
Q

Cramps

A

unpleasant/painful sensations caused by muscle contraction or over shortening

36
Q

Atrophy

A

loss of muscle

37
Q

Sprain

A

injury to ligament whichconnective tissue fibres tear

( result of over stretching)

38
Q

Strain

A

injury in joint by the tendon or muscle being stretched beyond its capacity

39
Q

Dislocations

A

Injury to joint where one or more bones is forced out of their original position

40
Q

Muscular Dystrophy

A

genetic, degeneration of skeletal muscle which can lead to death

41
Q

Botulism

A

bacteria releases a neurotoxin that affects nervous/muscle system – can be fatal

42
Q

Fibromyalgia

A

chronic muscle pain that can lead to fatigue and lack of sleep by trauma, or disease

43
Q

Aerobic (with o2 or without)

A

with o2 needed

in mitocondira

44
Q

Anaerobic (with o2 or without)

A

without oxygen needed but can still make energy

in cytoplasm

45
Q

what are the 4 stages to cellular respiration

A
  1. Glycolysis: split carbon in 2 pieces (pyruvate)
  2. pyruvate oxidation: pulls off a carbon
  3. the Krebs cycle: splits last 2 carbons
  4. the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis

bio 20 (11 decks)

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