muscles / cellular repirtation Flashcards
what does the cardiac muscles do?
involuntary or volontary?
uninuclued or multinucleated
theyre the only ones that cover the heart
involuntary
multinucleated
what does the smooth muscles do?
involuntary or volontary?
uninuclued or multinucleated
theyre ones on glands, liver, blood vessels ect
involuntary
uninucleated
what does the skeletal muscles do?
involuntary or volontary?
uninuclued or multinucleated
Muscles for posture and movement. Attached to bones
voluntary
multinucleated
Flexor job in skeletal muscles
muscle that contracts to bend a joint
Extensor job in skeltal muscles
muscle that contracts to straighten a joint
when do skeletal muscles lengthen when relax? or contract?
when they relax
when do skeletal muscles shorten when they relax? or contract?
when they contract
whats a tendon
band of connective tissue that joins a muscle to a bone
whats a origin
muscle attaches to a stationary bone
whats a Insertion
muscle attaches to a moving bone
myofilamets 2 types
threads of contractile proteins (actin and myosin)
actin
pair of protein strands woven together that resembles a string of beads
myosin
myofilament has proteins molecules wound together
The myosin filaments have “heads” that stick out
whats the sliding fliament theory
(how muscles contract)
Actin filaments slide over the myosin filaments.
The Z line moves closer together (muscle contracts)
Knob – on the myosin filaments heads attach and detach as the actin then are drawn closer.
largest to smallest muscles
1) muscle
2) muscle fiber bundel
3) muscle fiber
4) myofibrils (has actin and myosin)
5) myofilaments
what does tropomyosin do
its around actin and prevents myosin from grabbing actin so muscles arnt always in full contraction
what does troponin do
regulator of muscle contraction and atin only activates actin when calcium
what des calcium do
Calcium triggers contraction by reaction with regulatory proteins in the absence of calcium prevent of actin and myosin = no contraction
chem of muscle contraction
- chemical released between nerve and muscle
-Chemical reaches the troponin
-Calcium ions released (not just for bones)
-Calcium ions initiate between actin and myosin
-ATP provides energy for filaments to slide
-Calcium ions taken up by the ER
-Muscle relaxes
what happens when muscles relaxed what happens with the myosin
myosin heads are ready to bind to actin but they cannot bind from tropomyosin
what protein is the protein tropomyosin moved by
troponin
what are the ways you can create atp
-phosphate creation
- aerobic cellular respiration
- lactic fermentation
creatine phosphate purpose
it makes atp and is used when muscles need quick enery and helps transfer adp to atp
aerobic cellular repiration process
it is when o2 is present and it enters muscle and goes to mitocondra
02+ glusoces froms co2 and h2O
fermentation process
When oxygen is not present (sometimes referred to as “oxygen debt”)
Instead, in animals, lactate fermentation occurs.
glycolysis breaking down glucose into 2 ATP molecules / lactate molecule
what is the lantent period in muscle contraction
a pause between the impulse and muscle contraction
what is concentration in muscle contraction
actin and myosin fibres slide over one another. Muscle shortens
what is Relaxation Phase in muscle contraction
actin and myosin disengage and muscles start to relax.
what is summation in muscle contraction
increased muscle contraction produced by a combination of stimuli
what is tetanus in muscle contractiojn
the state of constant muscle contraction produced by sustained nerve impulses.
what are the steps to muscle contraction
Latent Period
Contraction
Relaxation Phase
Summation:
Tetanus:
fast twitch in muscle fibers traits
Sprinters
Type IIx and IIa
Break down ATP faster but less efficiently
slow twitch in muscle fibers traits
Long distance runners
Required for endurance events
Aerobic respiration is predominant.
Spasms
sudden involuntary contraction of muscle
Cramps
unpleasant/painful sensations caused by muscle contraction or over shortening
Atrophy
loss of muscle
Sprain
injury to ligament whichconnective tissue fibres tear
( result of over stretching)
Strain
injury in joint by the tendon or muscle being stretched beyond its capacity
Dislocations
Injury to joint where one or more bones is forced out of their original position
Muscular Dystrophy
genetic, degeneration of skeletal muscle which can lead to death
Botulism
bacteria releases a neurotoxin that affects nervous/muscle system – can be fatal
Fibromyalgia
chronic muscle pain that can lead to fatigue and lack of sleep by trauma, or disease
Aerobic (with o2 or without)
with o2 needed
in mitocondira
Anaerobic (with o2 or without)
without oxygen needed but can still make energy
in cytoplasm
what are the 4 stages to cellular respiration
- Glycolysis: split carbon in 2 pieces (pyruvate)
- pyruvate oxidation: pulls off a carbon
- the Krebs cycle: splits last 2 carbons
- the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis
