digestive system Maccromolecules Flashcards
what are the main chemicals of life
vitamins/minerals
water
lipids
proteins
carbohydrates
what do vitamins/ minerals do in body
help in chemical reactions building body components
what does water do in body
helps transport and breakdown other nutrients
what do lipids do in the body
energy storage and a componet in cell membrane
what do proteins and nucleic acids do in the body
components of cell and made up amino acids
what do carbohydrates do in the body (main fuction)
primary energy source
what are carbohydrates composed of
composed of sugar carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms
what are carbohydrates 3 categorys
monosaccharids
disaccharids
polysaccharids
what are the 3 monosaccharid types
- glucose
-fructose
-glactose
what are monosaccharids reffered to as
simple sugars or reducing sugars
what are the 3 types of disaccharides
-sucrose
-maltose
-lactose
definiton of disaccharides
two simple sugars (monosaccharides) combined together
what is sucrose made out of
gloucose and fructose
what is maltose made out of
2 glucose
what is lactose made out of
glucose and galactose
what process hepls form polysaccharides and disaccharides
dehydration syntheis
what is the definition of polysaccharieds
many simple sugars comined also by dehydration synthis
what ar the 3 types of polysaccharies
starch
cellulose
glyogen
what does starch do
stores energy in plants
what does cellulose do
carbohydrates that provide structure support in cell wall (fiber)
what does glycogen do
carbohydrate for energy in animal cells
what do simple carbs do
they’re quick fuel and makes blood glucose and inslin levels higher and let of energy quicker so less full over time
what do complex carbs do
they take more time to break down so it makes you full for longer and more energy over time
what is dehydration sythesis
processs latger molecules made from smaller by taking out the h2o and so a new bond is formed making it bigger
small to large
what is hydrolysis
when a larger molecule breaks down into smaller molecules by adding water
large to small
what test can you do to test if something is a monosaccharide
using a benedict solution test
if blue its not if yellow low red is high
what test is used to identify starches
using the iodine test to find starches (polysaccharides) is black its positive
what are the 3 types of lipids
fats
oils
wax
description of fats
lipids that are solid at room temp and is a animal source
description of oils
lipids that are liquids at room temp plant source
description of waxes
long chain lipids (cant digest)
what are trigylcerides made out of
glycerol and 3 fatty acids
are triglycerides polar or non-polar
nonpolar
what do trigycerides do
they float through the blood and used to store energy for later
what are phospholipids made out of
phosphate and glyerol bonded 2 fatty acids
has hydrophopic tails
hydrophillic heads
what are lipids function
-long term energy storage
- cell memberanes
- carries vitamins
when theres a sequence of amino acids what does it form
polypeptide chain
what are traits of the primary protein structure
its very dissorginized
string of amino acids come together called polypeptieds
what are the 4 types of peptides
- vasopressin
-oxytocin - angiotensins
- defensins
traits of the protein secondaty structure do
folding of the polypeptide backbones and 2 possible shapes (beta or alpha)
form from hydo bonding
traits of protein teritary structure
folds into 3 dimentional shapes folding the entire polypeptide chain happens from th R groups influence
what are the protein teritary structure influences (how they bond and form)
- hydro bonds
- ionic bonds
-london forces
-hydrophbic on non-polor sides
traits protein quaternary structure
multiple polypeptide chains
ex hemoglobin
has chain intractions to make shape
what does denaturation mean
- causes temporary change to shape on protein
-happens from heat, radiation, or diff ph
what does coagulation mean
it can occur after denaturation and is a permanent change in protein shape (like blood clot)
vasopressin peptide fuction
regulate water in surrounding cells
oxytocin peptide function
create feeling of love and bonding
defensins peptide function
help with wound healthing
angiotenins peptide function
regulate blood pressure
Catalyst function
help chemical reactions (breaking down nutrients)
because it lowers activation energy so the reaction can happen quicker without as much energy going in
Active Site on an enzyme function
area on enzyme where reaction takes place
Substrate function
a molecule that an enzyme works on (thing that fits into the active site)
when something has the ending ase what does it mean it is
an enzyme
what 2 things are an enyme under carbohydrase (breaking down carbs)
Amylase (salivary, pancreatic),
Disaccharidase (maltase, lactase)
what 2 things are an enyme under Protease (breakdown proteins)
Pepsin, trypsin, erepsin
what 2 things are an enyme under Lipase (breakdown lipids)
Lipase and Phospholipase
what are the steps to enzymes
1) Enzyme’s active site binds the substrate molecule(s)
2) Chemical reaction takes place
3) Product is released and enzyme is ready to work again
what do Cofactors / Coenzymes do
help enzymes bind to substrate
whats the difference between Cofactors / Coenzymes
Cofactor = inorganic ion (Fe, Zn, K)
Coenzyme = organic molecule from a vitamin
what are factors that affect enzymes reactions
pH
Substrate Concentration
Temperature
Competitive Inhibition
Regulation of Enzyme Activity (feedback)
substrate is the substance you are..
breaking down
whats Competitive Inhibition
Attaches to the active site, preventing the enzyme from working
ex penicilin
Feedback Inhibition
regulation of chemicals is essential - if we have enough testosterone, we wouldn’t want excess as this could cause heart problems
(regulates how much chemicals)
(called negative bc slows down chemicicals there)
Allosteric Activity
a change in an enzyme caused by a binding of a molecule
Precursor Activity
when substrate accumulates it binds to the regulatory site improving fit of the active site,
speeding up the formation of products
(possitive bc more )
what does salivary amylase do
made from mouths salivary glands breaks down startch to shorter polysaccharids
where are disaccharids made / act
made in small intestine and act there
what do disaccharids do
breaks down disaccharids to monosaccharids
what does pancreatic amylase do
breaks down polysaccharide chains into disaccharides from pancrease to act in small intestine
what are the steps of carb enzyme break down
foods chewed up
then salivary glands activated and breakes down starches to poly
then after food travels w peristalsis stomach has contractions
small intestine gets food from stomach pancrease secreates pancreatic amylase into small intestine to break poly to di
then disaccharids secreated from small intestine to break di to mono
where does lipid digestion take place
- small intestine, liver, pancrease
what enzyme is made in liver and helps with lipid digestion
bile is made liver stored in gallbladder and it is used to emulsify / break large to small
(also increases sa while doing so )
what happens in the small intesine when any food enters lipid digestion
when any food enters small intestine it releases hormones and gallbladder will secreate bile
pancrease secreates lipase and phpsphipase
what does lipase do
produced in pancrease acts in small intestine breaks down fat into gycerol/fatty acids
how is cck activated and how it activates bile / how does it act
- activated when fat enters small i and stimulates release cck
- cck carried by bloodstream to gallbladder then there it realeases bile from gallbadder
-bile emulsifys fat
where does protein digestion occur
stomach
small intestine
pancrease
what does the stomach stimulate to release more hcl
gastrin helps release more hcl
how is pepsin made in protein digestion
once gastrin released that makes more hcl that reacts with pepsinogen to create pepsin
what does pepsin do in protein disestion
it starts chemical breakdown proteins polypeptide chains to shorter ones
where does protein digestion start
stomach
what happens in the small intestine with protein digestion
trypsinogen is converted to be typsin from pancrease that continues to digest already working on the partially digested
and erepsin made from pancrease finishes break off of proteins making them individual amino acids
where is typsin and erepsin made
pancrease then they act in small intestine
what is the part of the large intestine that absobes water
colon
what is the ending section on the small intestine where most digestion occurs
caecum
what are folds on stomach called
rugae
