cardiovascular system chapter 11 Flashcards
average amount of human blood
5L
what is the majority of the blood made out of
plasma 55%
what is the 2nd most thing in the blood
red blood cells 45%
what is the lowest component / thing in blood
white blood cells and platelets less 1%
what is plasma mainly made out of
- made out of 90% water
-contains proteins, glucose, vitamins, waste products from cellular resperation
what is plasmas function
it connects many different systems like digestive system and respitory system and so it also helps act to transport what it holds in it (proteins vitamins ect)
what are the 3 proteins called
albumins
globulins
fibringens
what do albumins do
are for osmotic pressure and produced in liver to help maintain osmotic pressure
(make sure blood stays were it should and gets delivered where it should and keeping right amount blood in vessels)
what do globulins do
they help fight off germs and keep it safe like your body’s own team of defenders and repair workers
what do fibringens do
theyre ment for blood clotting to form the clotting l
ike the special glue that helps fix things when you get a cut or a scrape and helps stop getting blood out
what are erythrocytes
red blood cells
what are leukocytes
white blood cells
erythrocytes function
red blood cells
- transports the oxygen
- has hemoglobin which is used to increase surface area so more blood can be carried (shaped like biconcave)
- no nuclus
where are old erythrocytes broken down
- old erythrocytes broken down in liver ( to help filter)
- hemoglobin stored in spleen
what is hemoglobin
in the erythrocytes to help increase the surface area so more blood can be carried to transport o2
what are leukocytes
white blood cells
leukocytes function
- has nucleus
- fight microbes and bad germs
- (form anibodies)
- one white blood cell in every 700 red
blood clotting process
1)- have platelets that clump together on cut and form plug to stop blood from escaping
2)- platelets release thromboplastin
3)- the thromboplastin is transformed and turns to fibrinogen
4)- fibrin threads wrap around injury to trap more platelets that form a clot
what is fibrinogens job
they’re made from thromboplastin and fibriogen help form mesh like structure which is called the fibrin strands
and help form plateltes to creat clot
what is leukemia
its when there are too many white blood cells so they dont end up doing the proper job of killing germs
leukemia symptoms
fatigue, high fever, frequent infections,
how does leukemia start to develop
caused by changes of mutations in the DNA of developing blood cells
the dna is like a set of instructions and if one things is messed up can lead to leukemia or high levels of some chemicals
what is anemia
decrease in red blood cells so theres less transportation of o2 to your body
anemia symptoms
tired, lightheadedness, chest pain, shortness of breath
how does anemia develop
iorn deficiency, vitamin defiviency and from hemorage
what is hemophilia
excessive blood loss bc system cant clot so more blood loss and platlets cant clot
what is circulatory shock
comes with fall of blood pressure so imbalance of o2 and nutriants
how circulatory shock developed
blood loss, sever burns, bacterial infection,
- vasodillation to large point so low blood pressure
what is thrombus
blood clot that blocks blood vessel so blood cant pass then tissue becomes deprived o2
what is embolus
when blood clot breaks away from where its formed and moves through blood vessel
- then gets stuck somewhere creating blockage starts backflow
whats type of antigens and antibodies does type A make
antigens it has - A
antibodies it has - B (type a tries to kill b)
whats type of antigens and antibodies does type AB make
antigens it has- it makes a and b antigens
antibodies it has - no antibodies (no army wanting to attack any one)
whats type of antigens and antibodies does type B make
antigens it has - B
antibodies it has- A (type B tries to kill a)
whats type of antigens and antibodies does type O make
antigens it has- no antigens
antibodies it has- makes A and B antibodies tries to kill both of them
what do antigens do
act as signals or flags that help notify when something cant be there
what do antibodies do
when antigens alert what cant be there then antibodies go and try to find invaider to kill (army)
universal donor
O it can give to all blood types because it makes no antigens on it
universal recipient
AB can take / get from any type of blood
what does rh negative mean
no antigens
makes antibodies
what does rh positive mean
makes antigens
no antibodies
what does being immue stand for
the body can fight of the infections or pathogens
what does pathogens stand for
organism causing disease
what can viruses do to body once they get in cells
they can contain dna once they break into cells and then manipulate the dna
do bacterias have nucleus
no and are mostly only single cells
what type of medication helps limit growth or destroy orgainsms that are living
antibiotics
what can antibiotics not fight against
virues
what are vectors and how do they spread infections
its when bugs or bug bites spread disease ect
what are vehiculur and how do they spread infections
contaminated food or water that spread disease
what is the lytic cycle
death of cells
what is the lysigenic cycle
taskes cells functions away then manipulate it
what is the oncogenic cycle
can result in cancer happens from not making nutrients supposed to form so it forms tumor
what is HIV
immue cells that have the antigens constantly change so its unidentifiable
what is the first line of defense
its the barriers ex the eyelashes skin ect
- includes skin, respitory tract, stomach
what does the first line of defense do skin
helps from bacteria and pathogens form entering and has lysomoes that help break the bacteria walls
what does the first line of defense do respitory tract
it helps filter and sweep out the bacteria ftom respitory system with hairlike structure called cilia (activates sneezing)
- mucles help trap bacteria
what does the first line of the defense do stomach
has corrosicve acids (very acidic) and destroys microbes and good bacteria in stomach out does bad
what is the 2nd line of defense include
the phagocytosis the eating / engulfing of the microbes or bactiera after surrounding it to kill it in body
what are the 2 types of white blood cells in phagocytois
macrophages and neutrophils
what do macrophages do / how created
they’re created from monocytes (special white blood cells) and go from blood tissue and turn into big eaters which are macrophages
- they’re mainly in tissues and have arms (pseudopods) that grab on the bacteria to eat
what do neutrophils do / how created
theyre atracted to signals from damaged cells and are in capillaries but go to tissues to engulf and eat microbes
- then after they release lysosomal enzymes that help break down microbes eaten
what does pus represent
dead white blood cells or microbe / protein fragments
how are fevers made / created
they’re created when macrophages / neutrophils eat invaiders and realse chemicals that increase body temp
what are the complementary proteins 3 types (globuilns)
type a
type b
type c
what does the globuiln type a do (complementary protein)
coats microbe and prevent germ from reproducing
what does the globuiln type b do (complementary protein)
dissolves microbes membrane attacks microbes and puncture it
what does the globuiln type c do (complementary protein)
attrack specific phagocytes and leukocytes
what is step 1 of the third line of defence
complementary proteins (gloubins)
what is another step of the third line of defence
identifying antigens (markers on surfaces) to see what it is then automatically makes and antibodies made from b cells
what is the other step of the third line of defense
the types fo lymphocytes helper t help activate b cells and killer t cells
what are the types of t cells and what do they do
t-cells : made in bone marrow stored in thymus gland
helper t- most important, inisuate response read antigens shape then call b cells and killer t
killer t- directly kill pathogens and infected cells
supressor t - help shut down killer t cells so dont kill good cells
what are the 2 b cell types
b-cells- produce antibodies receive signal form T cells (when antibodies attach to antigens makes easier for macrophages to eat)
memory b cells- remember intruder and act easily next time it enters
what do macrophages activate
once macrophages engulf they display those antigens and then activate helper t
what do the assisting chemicals interferons do
signal responce to let out more host cells to fight and act as army and are like alarms
what do the assisting chemicals lymphokine do
are like the messangers they send messages from t cells and b cells to make sure all working together
summary steps of the immune system
- invaider comes in
- macrophages eats and then displays the antigen on the outside of it
- helper t activated then calls b cell and killer t
b cells produce antibodies that attach to antigens so phagocytes can eat better
and killer t cells search and destroy
- supressor t helps shut the killer t so doesnt kill good
- memory b remembers the invaider so can easily fight again
fourth line of defence
medicine
what do vaccinations do
it activates the immune system without giving disease
then body recognizes what it might have to fight in future
(like training session before actually getting disease)
what do antibiotics do
targets specific living bacteria and not effective for vital things like the flu or cold
symtom treatment meaning
when medicine cant treat germs they use those to help treat with symtoms to make it easier to live with
why do people get allergys
cells think theyre in danger and so they release bradykinin that makes eyes water ect
- capillary permibility increases walls more open vasodilliate
how to deal with severe allergy (anaphylaxis)
epinephrine- injects chemical that narrows blood vessel opens airway to lungs
how to deal with minor allergy
with a cream or oral antinstamines it triggers reaction of rashes ect tp help stop reaction from occuring
(just take before coming in contact)
whats rheumatoid arthiritis
its immune response against body joints
whats rheumatic fever
inflamatory responce to body starts attacking connective tissue and then could shut down heart
whats typel diabetes
its glucose build up in the bloodstream with little or no inslin in blood stream
whats multiple sclerosis
t cells inticate a attack on signals to nervous system (myelin) leads to memory loss
why are some organs for transplants rejected
because the antigens on it are not simlar to what your body already has
- if rejected killer t could attack it so thats why people take immunosuppresents so killer t dont attack
