energy flow in biosphere ( unit A) Flashcards
Dynamic Equilibrium def
remaining stable and balanced over time, despite changes so changes dont affect the entire ecosystem
what are the 3 biosphere structures
Lithosphere
Hydrosphere
Atmosphere
what does lithosphere reffer to
rocks
what does hydrosphere reffer to
water
what does atmosphere reffer to
air
what is a producer in a food chain
produce their own food
what is a consumer in a food chain
consumers are animals that eat other animals
what do all food chains start with
producers followed by consumers
what is monoculture
single crop in an area so limited species live there and decreases biodiversity
what is another word for a producer
autotroph
what is another word for a consumer
heterotroph
what is detitrus
is dead components that are left like dead leaves or waste products
Decomposer/detritivore def
organisms that break down detritus to get nutrients for their own use
Vulnerable/threatened
likely to become endangered if circumstances don’t change
Endangered def
species severely/seriously at risk
Extirpated/Endemic def
all species gone from a certain area. Still found elsewhere
Extinct def
all species are gone everywhere
what are the 4 trophic levels
Producer (autotroph): They produce their own food
Primary consumer (heterotroph): an organism that relies directly on autotrophs
Secondary consumer (heterotroph): an organism that relies on primary consumers for its source of energy
Tertiary consumers: relies on secondary consumers for its principal source of energy
what order is food/prey created for animals
1) producers because they make their own food
2) primary consumer (mainly only plant eaters)
3) the secondary consumers ( mainly carnovoires eating the animals like deer that are herbovores)
what is the chem equation for photosynthis
co2 + h20 —> C6H12O6 + O2
Chemosynthesis meaning
organisms convert simple molecules to more complex molecules without sun’s energy.
where does chemosynthesis take place
in places without sun like caves or deep oceans
why does limits on energy transfer happen
- energy transformed to different form like animal moving
- energy released as thermal energy from cellular respiration (releasing body heat)
- some converted into other chem energy other then gloucose
how much limits on energy tranfer are consumed per level
10% as the levels go on it goes down 10% (take away a 0 on the end per time) `
what are the two laws on thermodynamics
First law of thermodynamics: energy not be created / destroyed only transformed from one form to another
Second law of thermodynamics: NO energy transfer is 100% efficient.
energy is converted into an unusable form (mostly thermal energy) which cannot be passed on
what do ecological pyramids do
graphs that are used to show
energy flow in food chains / food webs
populations of organisms in a food chain
what do Pyramid of Numbers do
A pyramid of numbers can be drawn by counting the number of organisms at each trophic level
what is biomass
total dry mass of all the living material in an ecosystem
what pryamid best represents population
biomass because its pyrimid shaped and its dry mass after water has been removed
what is a pyramid of energy
measures the amount of energy available at each trophic level
Most of the energy lost at each trophic level is lost as heat
(approx 10% passed on each trophic level)
where does photosynthis occur
chloroplast
how is light reflected and absorbed in plantes
ight absorbing pigments that absorb light energy
All pigments absorb and reflect different wavelengths of light
order of photosynthetic pigment
Chlorophyll a (blue-green) is the primary light absorbing pigment.
Chlorophyll b (yellow-green) absorbing photons and things that chlorophyll a does not.
Xanthophyll (yellow)
Carotenoids (orange)
Chlorophyll a color
(blue-green)
Chlorophyll b color
(yellow-green)
Xanthophyll color
(yellow)
Carotenoids color
(orange)
what do both chlorophyll pigments absorbe
Both chlorophyll pigments absorb blue-violet and red range of the visible light
- reflect green light (that is why they are green!).
why are leaves green in summer
more chlorophyll in high temp
once tempature drops the chloeophyll drops and leaves become orange and red
what does the stroma do
the protein-rich semiliquid matererial
what does the thylakoids do
its directly where in the chloroplast where photosynthis takes place
what is the grana
its multiple thylakiods together
what is the lamellae
connecting and speads the grana equally
- it also is groups of unstracked thylakoids between grana
what is the thylakoid membrane
its like the mitocondria wall and the thylakoid membrane is where most cellular exchange happens / gloucse production
and photosythetic membrane
what is the thylakoid lumen
in the middle of the thylakoid
