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bio 20 > Ecosystems (unit B) > Flashcards

Ecosystems (unit B) Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the levels of orgainization

A

Organism
Population
Community
Ecosystem
Biosphere

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2
Q

how many things are in a population

A

its a single group of species

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3
Q

how many things are in a community

A

2 or more groups of species

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4
Q

what makes an ecosystem

A

a group with living and non-living speices

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5
Q

what do ecologists study

A

study communities and interactions between species and how that effects population

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6
Q

what is abiotic

A

non - living

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7
Q

what is biotic

A

living

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8
Q

what is a ecotone

A

transition between two different ecosystems (then has greater biodiversity)

ex inbetween the water and the land

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9
Q

what does terresterial ecosystem stand for

A

land ecosystem

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10
Q

what does a broad niche mean

A

can have varity food and be in many different enviorments

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11
Q

what does a narrow niche mean

A

speices can only live in specific enviorment with specific food

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12
Q

what are the 2 type of competition in a ecosystem called

A

intrspespecies- competition between same species

interspecies -competition between different species

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13
Q

what is a invasie species

A

one that tries to out compete food sources

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14
Q

when animals all have different niches theres less..

A

competition

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15
Q

what is a biome

A

its a certain enviorment spieces live each biome has different temp, percipitation

ex ) desert, forest

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16
Q

what are some abotic factors that affect population size (terrestrail)

A
  • soil
  • availability of water
  • sunlight
  • tempature
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17
Q

how does soil affect biotic population

A

quality and amount of soil available will determine the size and health of the plant so biodiversity of whole ecosystem

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18
Q

what is acidic soil from

A

pineneedles

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19
Q

what is alkaline soil from

A

limestone

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20
Q

what is avalibility of water dependent on

A
  • Amount and type of precipitation (rain or snow)
  • How long it stays in the upper layers of the soil
  • How much collects beneath the soil
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21
Q

how does temp affect evaporation rate

A

higher the temperature, faster the evaporation rate (less water in soil)

lower temp less evaporation

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22
Q

what are the 4 things that population is regulated by

A
  • biotic potential
  • limiting factors
  • carryying capacity
  • limits of tolerance
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23
Q

what is biotic potentials 4 factors

A

Birth Potential: max offspring per birth (ex. Humans - 1)

Capacity for Survival: # of offspring that reach reproductive age (sea turtles)

Breeding Frequency: # of times species reproduce each year

Length of Reproductive Life: age of sexual maturity and # of years capable of reproduction

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24
Q

what is biotic potential

A

its maximum potential population can grow if there was NO limits

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25
Q

what are limiting factors

A

factors preventing populations from reaching their full biotic potential

like food and water or tempature

26
Q

what is carrying capacity

A

maximum population size that can be sustained by avalible reasources

27
Q

describe the littoral zone in a lake

A

has lots of sunlight and is close to shore and goes out and has plants in this section

28
Q

describe the limnetic zone in a lake

A

its farther out in the lake then the littoral zone and has quite a bit of light

29
Q

describe the profundal zone in a lake

A

it has no light and is the deep section in a lake, no photosynthisis so no plants

  • the only nutrients there is decaying matter which is called detritus thats fallon from the limnetic zone
30
Q

what is the benthic zone in a lake

A

its the bottom of the lake like floor and thats where bacteria decomposes

lower o2 level so barley no fish can survive there

31
Q

what is the shallowest to deepest area in lake

A
  • littoral zone
  • limnetic zone
  • profundal zone
  • benthic zone
32
Q

what are the 4 things htat affect aquatic ecosystems

A
  • chemical enviorment
  • light levels (sunlight)
    -temperature
  • water pressure
33
Q

what are chemicals 3 jobs

A
  • to make up the aquatic water type either salt or fresh
  • the amout of o2 dissolved
  • other dissolved minerals like phosphorus and nitrogen that lead to plant growth
34
Q

what is waters ability to hold oxygen depentent on ? why doesnt all water have the same amout of dissolved oxygen?

A

because oxygen is dependent on the tempture of the water

the warmer water the mre itll dissolve the colder it is the less soluble it is

35
Q

what does tempature and sunlight have to do with the water

A

the more shallow gets more sunlight and is warmer = more dissolved oxygen and allows more photosynthisis

36
Q

what does water pressure affect

A
  • more pressure in lower areas in the lake and people have more diffulculty moving up and down
37
Q

traits of lakes in the winter time

A
  • water cools below 4 degrees and is less dense (so layers form because some more density)
  • ice and snow on top are like insulators that helps oxygen from dissolving because of cold tempature

-less sun and less photosynthis

38
Q

what are the 4 layers formed within winter lakes

A
  • ice at the very top
  • epilimnion which is the upper layer bellow ice
  • thermocline is under epilmnion and between cold and warm water

-hypolimnion is the lowest and coldest around 4 degrees

39
Q

traits of spring lakes

A

-melting occurs and that allows the oxygen to pass in the air to the lake

  • more winds cause more waves which help dissolving the oxygen (turnover the cold hypolimnion layer becomes same and epilmnion)
40
Q

traits of summer lakes

A
  • surface ( top) warms higher then 4 degrees and closer to the top is less dense water
  • closer to the bottem has denser water
  • epilmnion and hypolimnion are same tempature and dont mix and little o2 movment
41
Q

layers that form in summer lake

A

epilmnion
thermocline
hypolimnion

42
Q

what is between any two ecosystems

A

an ecotone

43
Q

is density higher higher in warmer or colder wate

A

in cold water

44
Q

what is biotic potential def

A

the maximum number of offsprings that a specie can prodices if thre was no limitations

45
Q

what are the 4 factors biotic potential is regulated by

A
  • birth potential (max offsprings per birth)
  • capacity for survival (number offsprings when reach a reproductive age)
  • breeding frequency ( number of times epecies reprodice each year)
  • length of reproductive life ( age sexual maturity when you can have children)
46
Q

what are forrest crutial climates for recycling

A

water and co2

47
Q

what are 4 forest practices used

A

slash and burn- complete clearing forest used for agerculture

clear cutting - removal of all trees in the area

selective cutting - only certiain trees removed

prescribed burns - used controlled fires to put nitrients back into ground

48
Q

some benifits to fire in forests (terrestrial ecosystem)

A

pioneer species flourish
increases biodiversity
clears dead wood from the forest floor much faster
kickstarting regeneration

49
Q

what are the two types of lakes

A

oliigotrophic (deep cold by mountains)

eutrophic (shallow warmer)

50
Q

what are traits of a oiltrophic lake

A

very deep and cold

low nutreint levels that limit population size

clear water from limited types of orgainisms

51
Q

what are traits of eutrophic lakes

A

shallow and warmer

larger nutrient supplies

murky water form large amounts photosynthic orgainisms

52
Q

how do lakes go from low nutrient (oligotrophic) to higher (eutrophic)

A

by process eutrophocation
low nutrients then eutrophication happpens and water dissolves nutrients that help plant growth then the water becomes eutrophic

53
Q

Eutrophication

A

body of water becomes high in dissolved nutrients that start growth

As dead algae decomposes, oxygen is consumed resulting in depletion of dissolved oxygen.

54
Q

what type of things are thermal energy

A

electric generators

55
Q

what type of things are inorganic solids and dissolved minerals

A

mining, fertilizer

56
Q

what type of things are inorganic solids and dissolved minerals

A

mining, fertilizer

57
Q

what are indicators of water quality

A

bacteria, dissolved oxygen, biological oxygen demand (bod)

58
Q

bacteria indicator in water

A
  • presence of coilform shows animal waste in water polluting it
59
Q

lakes that are colder have lower or higher levels of oxygen

A

cooler lakes have higher levels o2

higher temperatures have lower o2 levels

60
Q

what does BOD ( biological o2 demand) measure

A

it measures the amount of dissolved o2 needed by bacteria to completely break down matter over 5 days

61
Q

things that increase BOD

A

1- more organisms and need more oxygen

2- more organic compounds/ waste

3- increase in fertilizers (more plants etc and more things need more o2)

4- increase in algae /plant growth

bio 20 (11 decks)

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