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Medical Terminology > Muscles and Joints > Flashcards

Muscles and Joints Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

arthralgia

A

pain in the joints; symptom present in many joint diseases.

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2
Q

atrophy

A

wasting away; literally “without development”

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3
Q

cardiac muscle

A

specialized type of muscle that forms the wall of the heart. A type of involuntary muscle.

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4
Q

contract/contraction

A

a reduction in size, especially of muscle fibers

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5
Q

contracture

A

an abnormal (usually permanent) bending of a joint into a fixed position; usually caused by atrophy and shortening of muscle fibers

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6
Q

fascia

A

thin sheets of fibrous connective tissue that penetrate and cover the entire muscle, holding the fibers together

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7
Q

insertion

A

the point of attachment of a muscle to a bone it moves

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8
Q

involuntary muscles

A

muscles that act without conscious control. they are controlled by the autonomic nervous system and hormones

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9
Q

muscle fiber

A

the name given to the individual muscle cell

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10
Q

origin

A

the point of attachment of a muscle to a bone that is less movable (ie. the more fixed end of attachment)

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11
Q

pelvic girdle weakness

A

weakness of the muscles of the pelvic girdle (the muscles that extend the hip and the knee). in muscular dystrophy, the pelvic girdle weakness causes the child to use one or both hands to assist in rising form a sitting position by “walking the hands up the lower extremities until he or she is an in upright position.

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12
Q

pseudohypertrophic muscular dystrophy

A

a form of muscular dystrophy that is characterized by progressive weakness and muscle fiber degeneration without evidence of nerve involvement or degeneration of nerve tissue; also known as Duchenne’s muscular dystrophy

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13
Q

skeletal muscle

A

muscles that attach to the bones of the skeleton; also known as striated muscle. skeletal muscles act voluntarily.

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14
Q

smooth muscle

A

muscles found in the walls of hollow organs and tubes such as the stomach, intestines, respiratory passageways, and blood vessels; also known as visceral muscles. Smooth muscles act involuntarily.

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15
Q

striated muscle

A

muscles that have a striped appearance when viewed under a microscope. Skeletal and cardiac muscles are examples

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16
Q

tendon

A

a strong fibrous band of tissue that extends from a muscle, attaching it to the bone by becoming continuous with the periosteum of the bone.

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17
Q

torso

A

the main part of the body, to which the head and the extremities are attached. also called trunk.

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18
Q

trunk

A

the main part of the body, to which the head and extremities are attached, also called torso.

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19
Q

visceral muscle

A

muscles of the internal organs, also called smooth muscle

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20
Q

voluntary muscle

A

muscles (such as skeletal muscles) that operate under conscious control. Those that are responsible for movement of the face, eyes, tongue, and pharynx are under voluntary control.

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21
Q

muscular dystrophy

A

a group of genetically transmitted disorders characterized by progressive symmetrical wasting of skeletal muscles; there is no evidence of nerve involvement or degeneration of nerve tissue. The onset is early in life.

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22
Q

polymyositis

A

a chronic, progressive disease affecting the skeletal (striated) muscles. It is characterized by muscle weakness of hips and arms and degeneration (atrophy).

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23
Q

rotator cuff tear

A

a tear in the muscles that form a “cuff” over the upper end of the arm (head and humerus).

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24
Q

strains

A

an injury to the body of the muscle or attachment of the tendon, resulting from overstretching, over extension, or misuse (i.e., a “muscle pull”).

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25
Q

muscle biopsy

A

the extraction of a specimen of muscle tissue, through either a biopsy needle or an incisional biopsy, for the purposes of examining under a microscope.

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26
Q

electromyography

A

is the process of recording the strength of the contraction of a muscle when it is stimulated by an electric current.

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27
Q

IM

A

intramuscular

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28
Q

MD

A

muscular dystrophy

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29
Q

DTR

A

deep tendon reflexes

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30
Q

EMG

A

electromyography

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31
Q

fibrous joint

A

the surfaces of the bones fit closely together and are held together by fibrous connective tissue. This is an immovable joint.

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32
Q

cartilaginous joint

A

the bones are connected by cartilage, as in the symphysis (joint between the pubic bones of the pelvis). This type of joint allows limited movement.

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33
Q

synovial joint

A

the bones have a space between them called the joint cavity. the joint cavity is lined with a synovial membrane, which secretes a thick lubricating fluid called the synovial fluid. The bones of the joing are held together by ligaments. The surfaces of the connecting bone are protected by a thin layer of cartilage called the articular cartilage. This joint allows free movement.

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34
Q

hinge joint

A

allows movement in one direction - a back and forth type motion.

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35
Q

ball-and-socket joint

A

allows movement in many directions around a central point. A ball shaped head that fits into the concave depression of another bone allows the bone with the ball-shaped head to move in many directions.

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36
Q

flexion

A

is a bending motion. it decreases the angle between to bones.

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37
Q

extension

A

is a straightening motion. It increases the angle between two bones.

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38
Q

abduction

A

the movement of a bone away from the midline of the body

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39
Q

adduction

A

the movement of a bone toward the midline of the body.

40
Q

rotation

A

the movement that involves the turning of a bone on its own axis.

41
Q

supination

A

the act of turning the palm up or forward

42
Q

pronation

A

the act of turning the palm down or backward

43
Q

dorsiflexion

A

the foot narrows the angle between the leg and the top of the foot

44
Q

plantar flexion

A

the foot increases the angle between the leg and the top of the foot.

45
Q

circumduction

A

the movement of an extremity around in a circular motion. this motion can be performed with ball-and-socket joints

46
Q

articular cartilage

A

thin layer of cartilage protecting and covering the connecting surfaces of the bones

47
Q

articulation

A

the point at which two bones comes together; a joint

48
Q

bunion

A

abnormal enlargement of the joint at the base of the great toe

49
Q

bunionectomy

A

surgical removal of a bunion; removing the bony overgrowth and the bursa

50
Q

bursa

A

a small sac that contains synovial fluid for lubricating the area around the joint where friction is most likely to occur.

51
Q

closed manipulation

A

the manual forcing of a joint back into its original position without making an incision; also called closed reduction.

52
Q

closed reduction

A

the manual forcing of a joint back into its original position without making an incision; also called closed manipulation.

53
Q

crepitation

A

clicking or cracking sounds heard upon joint movement

54
Q

ganglionectomy

A

surgical removal of a ganglion

55
Q

joint cavity

A

the space between two connecting bones

56
Q

kyphosis

A

humpback

57
Q

ligaments

A

connective tissue bands that join bone to bone, offering support to the joint

58
Q

malaise

A

a vague feeling of weakness

59
Q

needle aspiration

A

the insertion of a needle into a cavity for the purpose of withdrawing fluid

60
Q

photosensitivity

A

increased reaction of the skin to exposure to sunlight

61
Q

sciatica

A

inflammation of the sciatic nerve, marked by pain and tenderness along the path of the nerve through the thigh and leg

62
Q

subluxation

A

an incomplete dislocation

63
Q

suture

A

an immovable joint

64
Q

synovial fluid

A

a thick lubricating fluid located in synovial joints

65
Q

synovial membrane

A

the lining of the synovial joint cavity

66
Q

viscous

A

sticky; gelatinous

67
Q

adhesive capsulitis

A

a shoulder condition characterized by stiffness of the shoulder, limited shoulder movement, and pain; also known as “frozen shoulder”. The condition may be idiopathic (cause unknown) or due to an underlying cause such as trauma, osteoarthritis, or system diseases. Divided into three stage: the painful stage, the adhesive stave and the recovery stage.

68
Q

arthritis

A

inflammation of the joint

69
Q

ankylosing spondylitis

A

a type of arthritis that affects the vertebral column and causes deformities of the spine

70
Q

dislocation

A

the displacement of a bone from its normal location within a joint, causing a loss of function of the joint.

71
Q

ganglion

A

a cystic tumor developing on a tendon;

72
Q

gout

A

a form of acute arthritis that is characterized by inflammation of the first metatarsal joint on the great toe.

73
Q

herniated disk

A

the rupture of the central portion, or nucleus, of the disk through the disk wall and into the spinal canal. Also called a slipped disk or a ruptured disk.

74
Q

Lyme disease

A

an acute, recurrent, inflammatory infection transmitted through the bite of an infected deer tick.

75
Q

osteoarthritis

A

degenerative joint disease. It is the most common form of arthritis and results from wear and tear on the joints, especially weight-bearing joints such as the hips and knees.

76
Q

rheumatoid arthritis

A

is a chronic, systemic, inflammatory disease that affects multiple joints of the body, mainly the small peripheral joints such as in the hands and feet.

77
Q

sprains

A

an injury involving the ligaments that surround and support a joint, caused by wrenching and twisting motion.

78
Q

strains

A

injury to the body of a muscle or attachment of a tendon

79
Q

systemic lupus erythematosus

A

chronic inflammatory connective-tissue disease affecting the skin, joints, nervous system, kidneys, lungs, and other organs The most striking symptom of the disease is the “butterfly rash” that appears on both cheeks, joined by a narrow band of rash across the nose.

80
Q

arthrocentesis

A

surgical puncture of a joint with a need for the purpose of withdrawing fluid for analysis

81
Q

arthrogram

A

an X-ray of a joint after injection of a contrast medium

82
Q

arthrography

A

the process of X-raying the inside of a joint after a contrast medium has been injected into the joint.

83
Q

arthroplasty

A

the surgical reconstruction (repair) of a joint

84
Q

arthroscopy

A

the visualization f the interior of a joint by using an endoscope.

85
Q

rheumatoid factor

A

a blood test that measures the presence of unusual antibodies that develop in a number of connective tissue diseases

86
Q

erythrocyte sed rate

A

a blood test that measures the rate at which erythrocytes (red blood cells) settle to the bottom of a test tube filled with unclotted blood.

87
Q

DIP

A

distal interphalangeal (joint)

88
Q

ESR (sed rate)

A

erythrocyte sedimentation rate

89
Q

HNP

A

herniated nucleus pulposus

90
Q

MCP

A

metacarpalphalangeal (joint)

91
Q

MTP

A

metatarsophalangeal (joint)

92
Q

OA

A

osteoarthritis

93
Q

PIP

A

promimal interphalangeal (joint)

94
Q

RA

A

rheumatoid arthritis

95
Q

RF

A

rheumatoid factor

96
Q

SLE

A

systemic lupus erythematosus

Medical Terminology (27 decks)

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