MUSCLES Flashcards
How many skeletal muscles are in the human body
Approximately 650 making up 30to50% of the bodyweight there are also many other types of muscle needed to keep the body working
Name the three types of muscle in the body
Voluntary, involuntary and cardiac
VOLUNTARY muscle is most encountered in exercise, what is it also known as and its functions
Striated i.e. striped or skeletal muscle because it is attached to the skeleton. It is stimulated by the nervous system and when the muscles contract they shorten and create movement on the bones to which they are attached. Examples Biceps and quadriceps
Cardiac muscle is only found in one place, where, and explain
The heart. It is known as an involuntary muscle. It contracts when stimulated by electrical patterns, Although it is involuntary it has a different structure to other types of involuntary muscle
What is involuntary muscle also known as and describe
Also known as visceral or smooth-muscle Similar to cardiac muscle. It contract under unconscious control it contracts in response to stimulation by nerves or chemicals such as hormones which circulate around the body. Examples are the urinary and respiratory systems and the Gastro intestinal tract
The muscles have four main functions, name them
Movement, stabilise the body, storing and moving substances within the body, generating heat
Although the heart is an involuntary muscle there are two other examples of where involuntary muscle can be found, name of them and explain
Other types of involuntary muscle can be found in the walls of the blood vessels and the Gastro intestinal tract where smooth-muscle will push food around the digestive system
One of the four main functions of muscle is to generate heat, explain
The heat generated by muscle is used to maintain our body temperature, shivering is series of in voluntary contractions of skeletal muscle which significantly increases the rate of production of heat
What are the four key points to muscle action?
- A muscle can only pull I.e. exert A contracting Force, it cannot push. 2. A muscle crosses at least one joint this is demonstrated when the muscle contracts, Shortens, bringing the bones closer together. 3. A muscle can only work in its line of fibre example The biceps muscle runs north to south and Will only be able to shorten and lengthen in that plane of movement 4. Muscles work in pairs each muscle has an opposite muscle to allow movement to occur example when one shortens the other lengthens
Muscle brings about movement because they are attached to bone in three ways to exert a contracting force, Name the Three ways
- Via a tendon. 2. Via the fibrous tissue of other muscles cause an aponeurosis 3. Directly onto the bone via The muscle fascia , Layer of connective tissue surrounding the muscle
TENDONS
Muscle brings about movement in three ways explain the tendons and given example
Number one
Tendons attach muscles to bones. In the Biceps curl the biceps tendon inserts into the radius bone to bring about muscular contraction the biceps tendon must pull on the radius to flex the elbow joint
Muscles bring about movement because they are attached to bone in three different ways to exert a contract force, Explain fibrous tissues
Number two
Via the fibrous tissue of other muscles causing aponeurosis. Example is the abdominal where all the Abdominal muscles attach at the front of the trunk to form the abdominal aponeurosis
Muscle brings about movement because they are attached to bone in three different ways
Give example number three
Directly onto the bone via the muscle fascia which is a layer of connective tissue surrounding the muscle
A KEY POINT TO REMEMBER ABOUT MUSCLE, BONE AND JOINT MOVEMENT
Muscles can only perform their actions by contracting and thereby Pulling on the various bones to produce A change in the angle at a joint.If a muscle does not cross a joint movement cannot occur as it is the joint that acts as the pivot or fulcrum
To bring about movement muscles work in pairs and you will notice that muscles at the front of the limbs are matched by muscles at the bank give some examples
Biceps front triceps back
Quadriceps front hamstrings back
Rectus abdominis front of the trunk Erector spinae back of the trunk
Muscles work by generating contractions to ring about movement explain this process
The opposite movement is generated when The other muscle contracts so the bone can return to its original position
The main muscle responsible for creating the movement is known as The prime mover or agonist while it’s opposite partner is known as the antagonist which relaxes in order for movement to occur
Give an example of a prime mover, antagonist and the opposite partner I.e antagonist which relaxes in order for movement to occur
Example is I sit up where the prime mover, agonist,
Is the rectus abdominis and the antagonist is the erector spinae
What is the term synergist muscles used for?
When performing and exercise other muscles may join in to assist with the prime mover I.e agonist and the opposite muscle antagonist and these muscles are called synergists
Give an example of when the synergist muscles are needed
When performing a leg curl if the workload is heavy the gastronemeus Will assist the hamstrings, prime mover, to perform knee flexion
Describe a fixator
Muscles can contract statically to fix parts of the body to maintain a correct or stable position. When your muscle perform this function It is called a fixator
Muscles can contract statically to fix certain parts of the body to maintain a correct or upright position, This action it is called a fixator. Give an example of an exercise used for a fixator
Bicep curl can be used to demonstrate how the muscles all work together. The prime mover is the biceps, antagonist is the triceps and the fixator is the deltoid and the synergist is the brachialis
Describe the pelvic floor muscle and where it is located
It is a double layered superficial and deep layer broad sling of muscle from the pubic bone at the front to the base of the spine at the back of the pelvis
What does the pelvic floor comprise of?
Coccygeus, Deep muscle and a levetor ane, superficial muscle it consists of both slow and fast twitch muscle tissue.
THIS SHOULD BE CONSIDERED FOR EFFECTIVELY EXERCISING THESE MUSCLES!
What does the pelvic floor provide for?
Stability of the pelvic girdle, support the organs of the pelvis and the abdominal contents
And foetus when pregnant. Continents control over urine and faeces. Reflex activity to counteract changes in abdominal pressure, For instance, coughing and sneezing, Nose blowing, Vomiting and forced exploration
What happens to the pelvic floor muscles in childbirth?
They have the ability to stretch considerably to allow the birth of the baby, This can leave them weakens
Apart from childbirth what else can weaken and sag the pelvic floor muscles?
Name three things
Lack of exercise of the pelvic floor muscles, The menopause or simply due to The ageing process
What can you do to keep the pelvic floor muscles stronger?
Just like any other muscle you can train these through repetition to improve and maintain their ability to support the pelvis
CHILDRENS strength naturally increases with age because of body growth and development of the neuromuscular system. What factors can cause problems?
The muscular system does not always develop at the same rate as the skeleton. This can make the muscular system of the children susceptible to damage
