JOINTS

Question 1

What do joints form the connection between?

Answer 1

Bones, a joint or articulation occurs when a bone meets a bone and are connected and held together with connective tissue

Question 2

Ligaments are a connective tissue and they attach. Bone to ?

Answer 2

Bone

ligaments play a key part in stabilising joints. Over stretching of the ligaments is described as a sprain

Question 3

What do tendons attach to and what part do they play?

Answer 3

Tendons attach muscle to bones, Overstretching of muscles and tendons is described as a strain

Question 4

What are the two main purposes of cartilage?

Answer 4

Lines the ends of the bones in the joint area and prevent them from rubbing against each other and wearing bones down. Cartilage also provides shock absorption particularly in the lower limb joints

Question 5

What can connective-tissue be affected by?

Answer 5

Hormonal influences in pregnancy and the menopause

Question 6

What gives joints stability

Answer 6

A number of factors including the joint capsule, The surrounding ligaments whose job it is to bind bone with bone and the nearby muscles and tendons

Question 7

How do the components fit together I.e. muscles tendons and bones causing movement

Answer 7

When a muscle contracts i.e. shortens it polls on the tendon which is attached to the bone,

Question 8

Joints come in three main types, Name and explain

Answer 8

1. Immovable fibrous joints where bones are connected together by fibrous connective tissue. Example of this type of joint would be the bones of the skull which are given added connective strength by the dovetailed edges. 2. Slightly movable cartilaginous joints where the bones are tightly connected by cartilage or fibrous cartilage. Examples of this type of joint are The connections between the vertebrae and also the pubic synthesis which adjoins the two halves of the pelvic bones. 3. Freely movable synovial joints where the ends of the bones are covered with cartilage and are connected by a fibrous capsule inside the capital is a synovial membrane this is the most common type, example, The hip and shoulder joints

Question 9

Describe a synovial joint

Answer 9

A synovial joint he is surrounded by a sleeve like capsules referred to as the joint capsule that encloses the joint capsule and is attached to the outside of the bone, Periostium. The inner layer of the joint capsule is formed by a synovial membrane which secretes synovial fluid which helps to lubricate the joints and provides nourishment to the articular cartilage on the ends of the bones

Question 10

What is Cartlidge

Answer 10

Cartlidge is a tough smooth tissue that helps to reduce friction between the bones by shock absorption to the joint

Question 11

Give examples of the six most common types of freely movable synovial joints

NAME THE JOINT

DESCRIBE WHAT TYPE OF MOVEMENTS POSSIBLE

GIVE EXERCISE MOVEMENT EXAMPLE

Answer 11

1. Gliding joint were movement is more or less over flat surfaces, Example carpels, Tarsals and the AC joint in the shoulder. 2. Hinge joint where movement is possible in one plane only, Example the elbow or knee. 3. Pivot joint where movement is purely rotational four example The articulation of the radius and ulna
   Allow you to pronate and supanate your forearm as the bones rotate around each other. 4. Condyloid joint where movement occurs in two planes for example in the wrists between the Ulna, Radius and carpels. 5. Saddle joint, similar to a condyloid joint but the surfaces are concave and convex
   For example at the base of the thumb. 6. Ball and socket joint where movement occurs in three dimensions for example
   In the shoulder and hip joints

Question 12

What is overstretching of the ligaments are described as

Answer 12

A sprain

Question 13

What is overstretching of muscles and tendons called

Answer 13

A strain

Question 14

Name four types of connective tissue

Answer 14

Ligaments
Tendons
Blood
Bone

Question 15

Immovable, fibrous joints, explain

1 of 3 types of joint

Answer 15

Bones are joined together by fibrous tissue, example would be the bones of the skull which are given added connective strength by the dovetailed edges

Question 16

Explain slightly movable cartilaginous joints and give example
2 of 3 types of joint

Answer 16

The bones are tightly connected by cartilage or fibrous cartilage
Examples are The connections between the vertebrae and also the pubic synthesis which joins the two halves of the pelvic bones

Question 17

Explain freely movable synovial joints and give example THIS IS THE MOST COMMON TYPE OF JOUNT YOU WILL ENCOUNTER
3 of 3 types of joint

Answer 17

The ends of the bones are covered with cartilage and are connected by a fibrous capsule
Inside the capsule is A synovial membrane
Examples include the hip and shoulder joint

Question 18

Describe a synovial joint

Answer 18

It is surrounded by a sleeve capsules referred to as the joint capsule that encloses the joint cavity and is attached to the outside of the bone I.e. periosteom. The inner layer of the joint capsule is
Formed by a synovial membrane which secretes synovial fluid this fluid helps to lubricate the joint and provide nourishment for the articular cartilage on the ends of the bombs. Cartilage is a tatty Smoove tissue which helps to reduce friction between the bones and provides shock absorption to the joints

Question 19

In children bone is not completely ossified until early adult hood, around 25 years old and is therefore vulnerable to damage, what affects can this have on the bones?

Answer 19

Common fractures and tears can occur through heavy strenuous or highly repetitive exercise.
These could not only affect The bones but also the stability of the joints!

Question 20

During pregnancy the effects of the hormone relaxin Will have a significant effect on the stability of synovial joints
Explain these effects

Answer 20

Joints will have a greater range of movement than normal and will be less stable
The less stable a joint combined with the decrease in motor skills due to a change in The centre of gravity Will necessitate in the avoidance of high impact Quick twisting movements and it should be noted that many of the physiological changes due to pregnancy can remain up to 6 months after the birth of the baby it is therefore advisable to re-introduce regular more vigourous training gradually

Question 21

What are the effects of ageing on the bones joints and connective tissue?

Answer 21

Decreasing levels of the hormone oestrogen and A decrease in activity affect bone remodelling. The articular cartilage becomes thinner and changes to the synovial membrane occur and secretion of synovial fluid which lubricate the joints diminish. Ligaments tend to shorten and lose some flexibility. Tendons become weak, Become less elastic and lose there ability to withstand excessive stress. Overall joints become stiffer and less flexible

Question 22

What is the key long-term adaptations to exercise in older age?

Answer 22

Increase strength in tendons and ligaments which can help to offset these inevitable changes

Question 23

What is overstretching of the ligaments called

Answer 23

A sprain

Question 24

What is overstretching of muscles and tendons described as

Answer 24

A strain

Question 25

What are the names of the three different types of joints

Answer 25

Immovable, slightly movable and freely movable

Question 26

What are the three types of joints?

Answer 26

Immovable

Slightly movable

Freely movable

Question 27

What are the three main factors that can affect the body during pregnancy

Answer 27

Joints will have a greater range of movement and be less stable

This will lead to a decrease in motor skills due to a change in the centre of gravity

Question 28

Name the six types of freely movable synovial joints

Answer 28

1. Gliding, also known as plane
2. hinge
3. Pivot
4. condyloid
5. Saddle
6. Ball and socket