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Mandatory Units > Key Points Nervous System > Flashcards

Key Points Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

what does the Nervous System do?

A

It controlls actions of all bodily systems

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2
Q

What does the CNS comprise of? and what are its three main functions?

A

the brain and spinal cord and its three main functions are sensory, integrative and motor

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3
Q

What does the PNS i.e peripheral nervous system comprise of?

A

all othre parts of the nervous system

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4
Q

What are the names of the two parts of the PNS

A

The Somatic i.e (voluntary) and the autonomic (involuntary) nervous system

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5
Q

The autonomic (involuntary) part of the NS is further divided into two more parts, name them!

A

the sympathetic system i.e the accelerator and para-sympathetic i.e the brakes

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6
Q

What allows the body to operate effectively and efficiently in the Nervous system

A

Homeostasis

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7
Q

How do nerve cells (neurons) transmit information to and from the brain?

A

By chemicals called neurotransmitters which allow the brain to initiate the correct response.

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8
Q

Explain how the branches of the Central nervous system branch out and connect

A

CNS branches to the PNS
branches to the somatic and the autonomic,
the autonomic further branches out to the sympathetic and para-sympathetic

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9
Q

Explain afferent

A

The peripheral nervous system is made up of all the nerves that carry sensory information from the body to the central nervous system i.e. afferent nerves

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10
Q

Explain efferent Nerves

A

The Central Nervous System receives information from the PNS and initiates response information out to the muscles, organs and organs i.e. efferent Nerves

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11
Q

In which ways are the nervous system and the endocrine system the same?

A

They are both the bodies ways of sending messagesv

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12
Q

How many pairs of nerves extend from the Central Nervous System?

A

31

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13
Q

The nerve pairs that extend from the CNS supply all other parts of the body and form either the ? or the ?

A

either the somatic or autonomic branches of the PNS

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14
Q

how are messages or impulses that pass through the nervous system transmitted? and explain

A

By nerve cells called NEURONS and are the functional unit of the nervous system and essentially the wiring system of the body!

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15
Q

What is each neuron made up of?

A

A main CELL BODY i.e. DENDRITES
and
one AXON

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16
Q

What extends from the main cell body of a neuron and describe length!

A

NERVE FIBRES!
They can be microscopic or or up to one metre e.g. 3 - f foot in length!

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17
Q

Where are the longest nerve fibres in the nervous system?

A

lumbar spine to the toe

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18
Q

What is the cell body of a neuron responsible for?

A

directing information

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19
Q

What are dendrites responsible for?

A

transmitting impulses towards the cell body

20
Q

What is the AXON responsible for?

A

transmitting impulses away from the cell body

21
Q

What is the role of the neuro transmitter chemicals?

A

they conduct information along nerves

22
Q

What are the two main types of NEURONS?

A

Motor neurons and sensory neurons

23
Q

What is the role of the motor neurons?

A

transmit impulse messages from the brain to the muscles and glands.

24
Q

What is the role of sensory neurons?

A

transmitt the impulse messages from the sensory organs to the brain

25
Q

What is refered to a ACTION POTENTIAL?

A

For a muscle to contract it must first be stimulated in the form of an impulse i.e. ACTION POTENTIAL from a motor neuron

26
Q

What does a motor unit consist of?

A

A single motor nerve i.e. motor neuron, that connects to the muscle at the motor end plate

27
Q

Motor units are recruited in order of size e.g. small to large.

What does the strength of the muscle contraction depend on?

A

the number of muscle fibres brought into use

28
Q

What is motor unit recruitment?

A

to lift a light weight a few muscle fibres within the muscle will contract to their maximum, the rest will remain inactive.
Example two:
To lift a heavier weight more muscle fibres will be required,

29
Q

What is the Somatic nervous system (i.e. voluntary) part of the nervous system responsible for?

A

Changes in the EXTERNAL environment. e.g it senses movement, touch, pain, skin temperature etc. It also regulates body movement through control of skeletal muscles.

30
Q

What is the Autonomic nervous system (i.e. involuntary) responsible for?

A

Changes in the INTERNAL environment. It senses hormonal status, functioning of internal organs, controls cardiac and smooth (involuntary) muscles and the endocryne glands that secret hormones.

31
Q

What are the two key factors that affect the strength of a muscle contraction?

A
  1. the frequency of nerve impules, and
  2. the number of motor units activated
32
Q

one motor unit does not stimulate the entire muscle, but what does it do?

A

it only stimulates the fibres it attaches to at the NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION (this is where the nerve meets the muscle fibres!)

33
Q

What happens at the neuromuscular junction?

A

It is where the nerve meets the muscle fibres

34
Q

What happens when the impulse reaches the muscle fibres of a motor neuron?

A

it stimulates a reaction in each SARCOMERE between the ACTIN and MYOSIN filaments

35
Q

what is the SLIDING FILAMENT THEORY in basic terms

A

see notes but basically the actin filaments slide over the myosin heads?

36
Q

One of the major adaptations to exercise training is improvement in the frequency of nerve impulses to muscles
What is this called?

A

Neuromuscular pathways

37
Q

In what way can you improve the nervous system?

A

regular motor skill training

38
Q

What can regular motor skill training improve?
name three

A
  1. Strengthening, e.g. growing new connections within the nervous system
  2. Speeding up the frequency of nerve impulses to the motor units.
  3. Improving synchronous recruitment of motor units resulting in stronger muscle contractions
39
Q

Sympathetic nerves are responsible for increasing activity and play a role in the fight or flight mechanism, WHAT is the chemical released for this action?

A

a neurotransmitter from the nerve ending to bring about an associated response

40
Q

what are the names of the neurotransmitters

A

adrenaline and noradrenaline also known as (EPINEPHRINE and NOREPINEPHRINE)

41
Q

What do Chemo receptors of the autonomic nervous system do and where are they present?

A

CHEMO receptors which are present throughout the body to detect levels of changes of chemicals such as carbon dioxide for resporation and calcium for muscle function

42
Q

What do thermo receptors do and where are they found?

A

present in all tissues to detect temperature changes

43
Q

What do baro receptors do?

A

Found mainly in the walls of the arteries to detect changes in blood pressure

44
Q

What do proprioceptors do and where are they found?

A

found mainly in muscles and tendons to detect changes in body position

45
Q

What happens when a message is sent along an afferent nerve to show that levels are outside of normal range?

A

The nformation is interpreted by the brain and a response is sent along the efferent nerve to re-establish the natural balance of the body i.e homeostasis

46
Q

There are two proprioceptors in the body to detect changes, what are they called, where are they found and what do they detect?

A
  1. Muscle Spindles, found deep in the centre of the muscle to detect exessive lengthening.
  2. Gogi Tendon organs, found in the tendons and detect exessive tension and contraction.
47
Q

What are muscled spindles responsible for and what do they provide information for?

A

Initiating the stretch reflex and provide information on how fast a muscle is lengthening

Mandatory Units (15 decks)

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