MOVEMENT

Question 1

Explain flexion and extension

Answer 1

Flexion, to reduce the angle at the joint or to bend a limb

Extension is to return from flexion increasing the angle at the joint I.e. to straighten a limb

Question 2

Explain elevation and depression

Answer 2

Elevation, to lift or raise a joint E.g. lift in the shoulders
Depression, to drop or lower a joint
E.g. dropping down the shoulders

Question 3

Explain abduction and adduction

Answer 3

Adduction is to bring towards or across The midline of the body
Abduction is to take away from the midline of the body E.g. raising the leg or arm out to the side

Question 4

Explain lateral flexion and lateral extension

Answer 4

Lateral flexion is to bend sideways with the trunk or neck E.g. standing side beans or tilting the neck
Lateral extension is to straighten from a sidewards bending movement for example return to the upright anatomical position

Question 5

Explain horizontal flexion and horizontal extension

Answer 5

Horizontal flexion is a forward movement in a horizontal plane E.g. drawing the arm across the body as in a peck deck exercise
Horizontal extension is a backward movement in a horizontal plane E.g. swinging the arm away from the body

Question 6

Explain pronation and supination

Answer 6

Pronation is to turn the palm down super nation is to turn the palm up

Question 7

Explain plantar flexion and dorsi flexion

Answer 7

Plantar flexion is to point the toes away from the body as in the upward movement of a standing calf raise
Dorsi Flexion is to pull the toes towards the body as in digging the heel in the ground

Question 8

Explain protraction and retraction

Answer 8

Protraction is drawing the shoulders forward rounding the shoulders
Retraction is drawing the shoulders back as if to pull the shoulder blades as close together as possible whilst pushing The chest forward

Question 9

Explain rotation and circumduction

Answer 9

Rotation is a rotary movement inward or outward about the long axis of the bone E.g. turning The hip in or out or turning the thoracic spine to the side as in trunk twists
Circumduction is to circle part of the body e.g. as in the arm

Question 10

Which parts of the body are superior and inferior?

Answer 10

Superior upper part of the body

Inferior lower part of the body

Question 11

Which part of the body is described as medial?

Answer 11

Anatomical term associated with the inside of the body towards the midline EJ The vastus medialis is the middle muscle of the quadriceps

Question 12

Which part of the body is lateral?

Answer 12

And anatomical erm associated with the outside part of the body or away from the midline E.g. the Vastus lateralis is the outside muscle of the quadriceps

Question 13

Explain the anatomical word for distal

Answer 13

And anatomical term associated with the farthest part of the body away from the trunk E.g. the knee is more distal than the hip

Question 14

What is the anatomical term proximal associated with?

Answer 14

Closest part of the body towards the trunk E.g. the ankle is more Proximal than the toes

Question 15

What is the anatomical terms superficial associated with

Answer 15

Close to the surface of the body E.g. the rectus abdominis is a superficial muscle close to the surface

Question 16

What is the anatomical term, deep, associated with

Answer 16

Furthest away from the surface of the body e.g. The transversus abdominal muscle

Question 17

What is described as probably the most complicated part of the skeleton

Answer 17

Shoulder girdle which is made up of several parts.

Question 18

How does the shoulder structure affect function?

Answer 18

The glenoid fossa or The socket part of the ball and socket very flat hardly a socket at all. This means the ball i.e. the head of the humorous and move freely without sitting in a deep socket such as the hip

Question 19

The shoulder is made up of a combination of joints, how many

Answer 19

Three

The interaction between these joints provides a wide range of movement

Question 20

What is the role of the rotator cuff muscles?

Answer 20

The shoulder is surrounded by many ligaments and muscles which pulling in different directions and thereby helped to stabilise the shoulder joint and these are what are known as the rotator cuff muscles

Question 21

Explain the elbow joint

Answer 21

Articulates between the elbow and the ulna. It is a hinge joint. Joint action is possible are flexion and extensions the ulna and the radius also articulate with each other at the elbow joint and also at the wrist

Question 22

What happens when the radius passes over there Ulna

WHICH IS FIXED

Answer 22

Pronation and suoanation of the forearm occur

Question 23

What kind of joint is the wrist? And explain

Answer 23

The wrist is a condyloid joint where the bottom two ends of the ulna and radius meet and these bones in turn articulate with the carpal bones near them
Joint action is possible are flexion, extension, abduction and adduction

Question 24

What kind of joint is the hip? And explain

Answer 24

It is a straightforward ball and socket joint. The hip involves only one articulation between the head of the femur, Ball, And the acetabulum, socket which sits in the pelvis.
Joint action is possible at the hip are flexion, extension, abduction and adduction, Rotation and circumduction

Question 25

What are the four key features of the hip joint

Answer 25

1. A much deeper socket in comparison to the annoyed foster of the shoulder. 2. Strong surrounding ligaments 3. Snugfit between the ball and the socket 4. Strong big and powerful muscles to provide greater stability

Question 26

What type of joint is the knee and explain

Answer 26

A hinge joint involving the lower, distal, end of the femur, The higher, proximal, end of the tibia and the Pacella. The fibula runs down the same length as the tibia and adds strength to the lower leg. Joint actions possible are flexion and extension

Question 27

What kind of joint is the ankle? Explain

Answer 27

Hinge joint. Made up of the lower, distal, part of the tibia and fibula and Metellus bone of the ankle. Movements available are plantarflexion and dorsiflexion

Question 28

In what way is movement similar in the ankle to the wrist?

Answer 28

Bones in the feet and wrist move to provide other movement

Question 29

Explain the movements available in the cervical vertebrae

Answer 29

flexion and extension, Rotation, lateral flexion and extension, Same as the thoracic vertebrae

Question 30

What movements are possible in the thoracic vertebrae

Answer 30

Rotation, flexion and extension, lateral flexion and extension, Same as this cervical vertebrae

Question 31

What movement Are possible in the lumbar vertebrae

Answer 31

Flexion and extension

Question 32

Explain movement in the sacrum and the coccygeal vertebrae if any

Answer 32

They are fused so no movement occurs in this part of the spine