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MSK - Final > Muscle And Nerve - Brauer (Completed)| Contractile Proteins - Staudinger > Flashcards

Muscle And Nerve - Brauer (Completed)| Contractile Proteins - Staudinger Flashcards

1
Q

What is the role of Perimysium and endomysium? 4

A

Perimysium surrounds muscle fiber bundles

Within Perimysium endomysium further segregates bundles of muscle fibers

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2
Q

Where would you find the nucleus in skeletal muscle? How many nuclei would you find? 5

A

Multinucleated located in the periphery

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3
Q

What is the basic unit of a myofibril? 6

A

Sarcomere

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4
Q

What structure increases the surface area of the sarcolemma? 6

A

T tubules

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5
Q

What makes up a sarcoplasmic triad? 6

A

Sarcoplasm - T tubule - Sarcoplasm

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6
Q

What are the lighter areas seen when viewing skeletal muscle through an electron microscope? 7

A

I band - thin filaments (actin)

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7
Q

What are the darker areas seen when viewing skeletal muscle through an electron microscope? 7

A

A band

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8
Q

What is the anchor site for actin (thin) microfilaments? 7

A

Z-line

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9
Q

What only contains actin thin filaments? 7

A

I-band

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10
Q

What is the anchor site for thick myosin filaments? 7

A

M-line

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11
Q

What contains only thick myosin filaments? 7

A

H-zone

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12
Q

What can be described as an overlap of thick and thin filaments plus the H-zone? 7

A

A-band

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13
Q

What cell(s) make up the thick filament? 9

A

Myosin bundles

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14
Q

What inhibits the binding of myosin to actin? 10

A

Troponin I

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15
Q

What binds the actin complex to tropomyosin? 10

A

Troponin T

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16
Q

What subunit of troponin binds calcium? 10

A

Troponin C

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17
Q

What is the role of ATP in muscle contraction?

A

It binds myosin causing the myosin to release actin and extend back to its starting position, bind another segment of actin, and contract

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18
Q

What are the characteristics of Type I fibers? 12

A

Slow oxidative, slow ATPase

Red (>[myoglobin])

Oxidative

Contract long period w/o fatigue

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19
Q

What are the characteristics of Type Ia fibers? 12

A

fast oxidative, fast ATPase

Contractions are powerful and fast

Aerobic respiration, but O2 delivery rate is low

Least numerous

Contains less myoglobin

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20
Q

What are the characteristics of Type IIb fibers? 12

A

Fast glycolytic, fast ATPase

Power and speed

Anaerobic respiration, short bursts

No myoglobin

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21
Q

What are neuron clusters within the PNS referred to as? What are neuron clusters within the CNS referred to as? 13

A

PNS - ganglia

CNS - nuclei

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22
Q

What are Nissl bodies? 14

A

refers to the stain that the RER uptakes, suggesting that a lot of protein production (neurotransmitters) must occur in a neuron

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23
Q

What’s the difference between a dendrite and axon in terms of signal transduction? 15

A

Dendrite —> electrical signals toward the cell body

Axon —> electrical signals away from the cell body

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24
Q

What is the most common class of neuron with many dendrites and one axon? 16

A

Multipolar neurons

25
Q

Where is a common place you find bipolar neurons? 16

A

Retina

26
Q

How do myelin sheaths increase the speed of signal transduction? 19

A

Signals are able to jump from one node of ranvier to the next

27
Q

What are the three CT layers of a peripheral nerve? What do they encompass? 20

A

Epineurium —> contains the nerve fascicle and blood vessels

Perineurium —> encompasses nerve fascicle

Endometrium —> encompasses a single axon

28
Q

What are the main neurotransmitters? 22

A

Acetylcholine —> primary for muscle

Noradrenaline

29
Q

In terms of innervation what is a major difference between skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle? 23

A

Skeletal muscle is directly innervated (receives an axon terminal) while cardiac and smooth muscle don’t necessarily have to be

30
Q

What happens when acetylcholine is release into a muscle fiber? 24

A

Acetylcholine stimulates an action potential that travels down T tubules and is dumped into the sarcoplasmic reticulum where it causes the sarcoplasmic reticulum to release calcium

31
Q

What is the role of nuclear bag fibers? 26

A

Wrapped at the CENTER by type Ia nerve fibers

Detect change in length and degree of tension

32
Q

What is the role of nuclear chain fibers? 26

A

Wrapped at the ENDS by type II nerve fibers

Detect static muscle length

33
Q

What is the composition of Myosin? 12S

A

2 heavy chains

4 light chains

Two globular heads

34
Q

What is the relation of the thin filaments (actin) to the thick filaments (Myosin)? 13S

A

There are 6 actin filaments to one Myosin filament 60° per thin filament

35
Q

What is heavy meromyosin (HMM) and light meromyosin (LMM)? 14S

A

Heavy Meromyosin:
S1/S2 (includes globular heads)
This is where Papain digests

Light Meromyosin:
α-helices
This is where trypsin digests

36
Q

In regards to Light Meromyosin, what allows a tight and precise bonding between the two α-helical strands? 15S

A

Hydrophobic interactions allow for tight bonding between four ions that meet in the middle

37
Q

When looking at the heavy Meromyosin segment, what is the role of the S1 portion? 16S

A

Contains a P-loop that has an ATPase domain

This is where ATP binds to allow hinge movement (power stroke)

38
Q

What is Myomesin? 18S

A

Found along the M-line

Proteins that anchor the thick filaments (myosin) together

39
Q

What is Titian? 18S

A

One of the largest proteins on the planet

Attaches to a Z disc and then moves in between a thick filament (myosin) before attaching to the m line*

Extremely elastic allows and opposes the force of the power stroke

40
Q

What kind of directionality do we see in the thin filament (actin)? 20S

A

Minus end —> faces the M-line

Plus end —> barbed, hooks into the Z-disc for anchoring

41
Q

How does a thin filament come to together? 21S

A

Remember thin filaments are called Actin

G-actin subunits, single monomers are bound by ATP

The subunits come together to form F-actin and in the process ATP are converted to ADP
(+ end grows faster)

Final product is a filament full of what use to be G-actin, but is now f-actin subunits each attached to ADP

42
Q

What is Tropomodulin? 22S

A

Caps the minus end of the thin filament (actin) preventing further polymerization

Remember minus end faces m line

43
Q

What caps the positive end of the thin filament?

A

CapZ (β-actinin)

Associates with α-actinin at the plus end

44
Q

What acts as a precise ruler for the polymerization of actin? 22S

A

Nebulin (precisely 6669 residues)

45
Q

What does Troponin T, I, and C do?

A

Troponin T —> binds tropomyosin

Troponin I —> Inhibits myosin binding (binds actin)

Troponin C —> binds Ca2+ (activates)

46
Q

Slide 25?

A

Figure out what the take away is for this in class

47
Q

What holds together bundles of myofibrils?

A

Desmin (also synemin, but not so much)

48
Q

Listen in on 30

A

Figure out what’s important

49
Q

31

A

Figure out what is important from lecture

50
Q

33

A

What’s important

51
Q

34

A

Whats important

52
Q

What is the problem in Duchenne muscular dystrophy? 36S

A

No detectable dystrophin

53
Q

What is the problem in Becker muscular dystrophy? 36S

A

Dystrophins of various sizes

54
Q

37

A

What’s important

55
Q

What mobilizes glycogen to glucose in the liver? 39S

A

Insulin???

56
Q

What causes pyruvate production from glucose-6-phosphate in the muscle? 39S

A

Add

57
Q

What is the composition of muscle glycogen phosphorylase b? 40S

A

2 subunits

Each subunit is a mirror image of the other

Contains:
S catalytic site
AMP allosteric site

58
Q

What directly activates glycogen phosphorylase? 40

A

Phosphorylase kinase

Ca2+ binds calmodulin activating it —>

Calmodulin activates phosphorylase kinase —>

Phosphorylase kinase attaches AMP to glycogen phosphorylase —>

Activity of glycogen phosphorylase increased

MSK - Final (23 decks)

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