Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Neurology System > Multiple Sclerosis > Flashcards

Multiple Sclerosis Flashcards

1
Q

Is MS a disease of the old or young?

A

Young

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is MS?

A

An autoimmune inflammatory disease that affects the myelin sheath surrounding neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Is MS a grey or white matter disease?

A

White matter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What type of process is demyelination?

A

Inflammatory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Is MS a disease of the CNS or PNS?

A

CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How does MS manifest?

A

Depends where the inflammation of the myelin is present

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How does demyelination occur?

A

Activated T cells cross the BBB and attack causing demyelination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What can be seen on an MRI of MS?

A

Lesions or plaques of scarring where the myelin has attempted to repair itself
Black holes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Which country has the highest prevalence of MS?

A

Scotland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Does MS affect more M or F?

A

F

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Describe the relationship of MS to the earths equator?

A

The further you move away from the equator the greater the incidence of MS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Is there a genetic link with MS?

A

Yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Which is the highest age group being diagnosed with MS?

A

20-30yrs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the initial presentation of MS?

A

Present with a relapse of an attack of demyelination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Give some examples of MS relapses

A 
Optic neuritis 
Sensory symptoms 
Limb weakness 
Brainstem diplopia 
Vertigo 
Signs including or excluding the bladder (e.g urine incontinence)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the symptoms of optic neuritis?

A

Subacute visual loss

Pain on moving the eye

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the signs of optic neuritis?

A

Initial swelling of optic disc
Optic atrophy
Relavent afferent pupillary defect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the potential signs an symptoms of a brainstem relapse in MS?

A 
Problems with eye movements (CN III,IV and VI)
Vertigo, nystagmus,
 ataxia (CNVIII)
Sensory involvement 
Upper motor neurone changes limbs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Where can MS relapses occur?

A

Anywhere in the CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are some symptoms of an MS relapse?

A 
Optic neuritis 
Sensory symptoms 
Limb weakness 
Brainstem diplopia/vertigo/ataxia 
Spinal cord - bilateral symptoms and signs +/_ bladder
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is myelitis?

A

Inflammation of the spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the definition of MS?

A

Episodes of demyelination disseminated in space AND time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of myelitis?

A 
Sensory level often with band of hyperaesthesia	Weakness/ upper motor neurone changes below level
Bladder and bowel involvement
-	urinary retention 
-	Constipation 
May be painful
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Is an isolated episode of demyelination MS?

A

No
MS = episode of demylelination disseminated in space and time
There has to be another episode

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Where is a common site for MS relapse?

A

Variable sites and severity
Totally unpredictable
Totally variable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What can be seen on examination in MS?

A 
Depends on where demyelination has occurred and stage of disease:
Afferent pupillary defect
Nystagmus or abnormal eye movements
Cerebellar signs (balance ect...)
Sensory signs
Weakness
Spasticity
Hyperreflexia
Plantars extensor
27
Q

What is the diagnosis of MS?

A

Evidence of demyelination separated in time and space

28
Q

How is MS diagnosed?

A

Can be clinical or MRI based

29
Q

What criteria is used for clinical diagnosis of MS?

A

Posers criteria

30
Q

What criteria is used for MRI diagnosis of MS?

A

Macdonald criteria

31
Q

What other investigations can be done in MS apart from MRI?

A

LP

Bloods - to exclude other inflammatory conditions

32
Q

How can a LP be useful in MS diagnosis?

A

Can look at oligoclonal bands
If you have matched bands in the blood or serum then it is likely to be widespread inflammation occurring but if only present in the CSF then means it is isolated and diagnosed as MS

33
Q

What are the types of MS?

A 
Relapsing Remitting 
Secondary progressive 
Primary progressive 
Sensory 
Malignant
34
Q

Who are prognostic indicators good for?

A

Female
Present with optic neuritis
Long interval between 1st and 2nd interval
Few relapses in first 5 years

35
Q

Who are prognostic indicators bad for?

A

Male
Older age
Multifocal symptoms and signs
Motor symptoms and signs

36
Q

When does primary progressive MS usually present?

A

50-60 yrs

37
Q

Are there relapses in Primary progressive MS?

A

No

38
Q

What is the prognosis for primary progressive MS?

A

Poor

39
Q

What is

Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder?

A

Variant of MS

Inflammatory demyelination causes attacks of optic neuritis and myelitis

40
Q

What is a differential diagnosis for MS?

A

Progressive Multifocal Leukencephalopathy (PML)

Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder:

41
Q

What is Progressive Multifocal Leukencephalopathy (PML)?

A

Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is a rare and usually fatal viral disease characterized by progressive damage or inflammation of the white matter of the brain

42
Q

What is the treatment approach for MS?

A

Treat the symptoms not the disease

43
Q

How should spastic muscles be treated?

A

Muscle Relaxants

44
Q

How should dysaethesia be treated?

A

Amitriptyline

45
Q

How should urinary problems be managed?

A

Bladder stimulator

Catheterisation

46
Q

How should constipation be treated?

A

Laxatives

47
Q

How should depression be treated in MS?

A

CBT

48
Q

What treatment is used for MS?

A 
Ocrelizumab 
Dimethyl Fumarate 
Beta-interferons 
Natalizumab
Alemtuzumub
49
Q

Does MS treatment reduce disease progression?

A

No but reduces relapse rate

50
Q

What is the only disease modifying therapy approved for primary progressive MS?

A

Ocrelizumab

51
Q

What are the side effects of MS treatment?

A 
Flu-like symptoms
Injection site reaction
Abnormalities of blood count and liver function
Reduce relapse rate ~1/3
No effect on progression of disability
Not a cure
52
Q

Who would be involved in the MS Multidisciplinary team?

A 
MS nurse
Physiotherapy
Occupational therapy
Speech and language therapy
Dietician
Rehabilitation specialists
Continence advisor	Psychology/psychiatry
53
Q

What is optic neuritis?

A

Inflammation of the optic nerve

54
Q

What could be symptoms of a sensory attack?

A

Pins and needles
Decreased vibration sense
Dysaethesia

55
Q

What could be symptoms of a GI relapse?

A

Swallowing problems

Constipation

56
Q

What could be symptoms of a Sexual/GU relapse?

A

ED
Urinary incontinence
Urinary retention

57
Q

What are general Rx advice for MS?

A

Regular exercise
Stop smoking
Avoid stress

58
Q

What drug is used for treating relapses?

A

Methylprednisolone

59
Q

Describe relapsing remitting MS

A

Most common
Clearly defined as attacks followed by periods of partial or complete recovery/remission
Gradual worsening over time

60
Q

Describe Primary Progressive MS

A

Worsening neuroloigcal function from onset without relapses or remission
Without relapses or remission

61
Q

Describe secondary MS?

A

Follows initial relapsing-remitting course

Transition to progressive /decline without periods of remission

62
Q

Describe Sensory MS

A

Those who have only ever had mild sensory episodes

63
Q

Describe Malignant MS?

A

Severe disability in small period of time
Very aggressive demyelination attacks
Rapid decline in function

Neurology System (35 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions